1. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p This workshop will look at how to quantify the impacts of different hazards upon housing and infrastructure Assessing building damage 189 Algeria, 2003

2. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this workshop are to form an understanding of and share experience on : 1.Presentation: phases of assessment 2.Workshop: differences in building damage Workshop objectives !

3. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Search And Rescue teams use standard marking systems: A – name of team, date, time of visit/work B – types of risks encountered W water Gas gas leakage Chemchemical products EXPLexplosive materials Ffuels or other inflammable materials electricity risk of collapse radioactivity C – number of dead D – number of people unaccounted for E – number of people saved Handover from SAR teams C A B E D

4. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Macro assessment of entire affected area Damages must be assessed at a national level in order to inform: 1.strategic, programme and project planning 2.appeals processes 3.understandings of impacts upon the national and regional economy and environment Governments may agree an approach to macro assessment: following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004, a Tsunami Recovery Impact Assessment and Monitoring System (TRIAMS) was discussed and endorsed by the Global Consortium for Tsunami-Affected Countries IFIs have their own approaches to damage and loss measurement: the World Bank has used the methodology for disaster damage and loss assessment developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC), common in that region since 1972 Handbook for Estimating the Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects of Disasters (ECLAC and the World Bank, 2003)

5. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Housing damages categories Category 0 No damage Category 1Category 2Category 3 Category 4 Minor damage, assistance required Partial damage, can be repaired Severe damage, can be repaired Destroyed, cannot be repaired The categories of damage presented below have been used following conflicts to describe damage to housing, supported by 1-page rapid village and rapid housing assessment forms. Similar categories may be agreed following conflicts and disasters. Different categories may be developed for different building types.

6. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Factors influencing levels of damage The type and scale of damage to buildings depend upon a number of factors: 1.hazard: different damage from different hazard 2.intensity: different damage from different intensity 3.vulnerability: different damage from vulnerability 4.buildings: different damage from different buildings 5.zones: different damage from different zones

7. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Workshop groups Each group will be allocated one of the factors and will discuss how the damage levels change with: Group 1: different hazards Group 2: different intensities Group 3: different vulnerabilities Group 4: different buildings Group 5: different zones Key point Each group agrees a key point Discussion in groups

8. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 1 key point: different hazards Question: How does the damage level change with different hazards? Group 1 shares one key point with the other groups

9. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Different damage from different hazards Each different hazard has its own different patterns: Earthquakes may have 3 different directions of motion: vertical motion horizontal motion vertical and horizontal motion simultaneously Floods may be: fast-onset slow-onset Conflicts: low-intensity conflicts and civil disturbances high-intensity conflicts

10. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 2 key point: different intensity Question: How does the damage level change with different intensity? Group 2 shares one key point with the other groups

11. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Disasters have different intensities, measured with scales, such as: earthquakes: (the Richter scale, 1-10, is now almost obsolete) Modified Mercalli intensity scale, 1-12, quantifies effects on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and structures, eg Intensity 11, ‘Very Disastrous’: few, if any masonry structures remain standing; bridges destroyed; rails bent greatly tornadoes: Fujita scale or Fujita-Pearson scale, 0-5 (6 levels) is based on damage to structures and vegetation, eg: Intensity 4, ‘Devastating Damage’: 333–418 km/h; well- constructed houses levelled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. The Enhanced Fujita Scale, which has been introduced in the USA, adds new construction methods hurricanes: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, 1-5, is used for most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms, eg Intensity 4: 210–249 km/h winds; 4.0–5.5 metres storm surge Different damage from intensities

12. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 3 key point: different vulnerabilities Question: How does the damage level change with different vulnerability? Group 3 shares one key point with the other groups

13. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Different damage from vulnerabilities The population will be affected differently depending on their social and economic status. The more vulnerable groups are: populations living in high-risk locations populations living in poor-quality buildings These vulnerable groups are most likely to be or become: displaced populations marginal groups low-income populations urban populations Higher-income groups may be at greater risk if they adopt new building technologies that do not incorporate traditional hazard resistant design.

14. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 4 key point: different buildings Question: How does the damage level change for different buildings? Group 4 shares one key point with the other groups

15. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Different types of buildings will be damaged differently by the same disaster: poorly-built apartments blocks may be more vulnerable to earthquakes than houses with traditional seismically resistant design schools may be less damaged than housing if they are built to higher-standards by government contractors following enforced building codes older building may be damaged differently from newer building due to different construction, materials and techniques Different damage for different buildings

16. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Key point Group 5 key point: different zones Question: How does the damage level change with different zones? Group 5 shares one key point with the other groups

17. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Within a disaster affected area, there will be different levels of damage which may be categorised into different zones, with an epicentre where the damage is greatest: the zones of damage will describe the vulnerability of the location and the vulnerability of the buildings zones may be highly-localised, for example in a flood where one street is damaged while the next street is not, because it is on high-ground zones of damage approximate to a hazard map, which may be used for future disaster risk reduction and preparedness Different damage from different zones Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters (United Nations, 2008)

18. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Bibliography Handbook for Estimating the Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects of Disasters (UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the World Bank, 2003) Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters (United Nations, 2008)