1. Chapter 7 Storage TE-102 Introduction to Computing http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/UG/TE-102/

2. Chapter 7 Objectives Discuss the various types of items that users store on computer media Differentiate between storage devices and storage media Describe the characteristics of a floppy disk drive Identify the uses of Zip disks Describe the characteristics of a hard disk Identify the advantages of using an Internet hard drive Describe the characteristics of CDs and DVDs Differentiate among CD-ROMs, CD-RWs, DVD-ROMs, and DVD+RWs Identify the uses of tape Discuss PC Cards and the various types of miniature storage media Identify uses of microfilm and microfiche Next

3. Storage What is storage? p. 7.02 Fig. 7-1 Next  Holds data, instructions, and information for future use  Storage medium is physical material used for storage  Also called secondary storage Floppy disk microfiche Miniatgure mobile storage media Zip disk PC card Internal hard disk External hard disk Removable hard disk tape CD or DVD

4. Storage What is capacity? p. 7.04 Next Kilobyte (KB)1 thousand Megabyte (MB)1 million Gigabyte (GB)1 billion Terabyte (TB)1 trillion Petabyte (PB)1 quadrillion  Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold Exabyte (EB)1 quintillion

5. Storage Medium (floppy disks, Zip disks, hard disks, CDs) Storage How does volatility compare? p. 7.04 Next Nonvolatile  Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained when power is off Contents retained Contents available to user Memory (most RAM) (chips on motherboard) Screen Display ONOFF Volatile Display disappears Data and instructions available to user Display appears Data and instructions erased  Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions temporarily

6. Writing Process of transferring items from memory to storage media Writing Storage What is a storage device? p. 7.04 Next Reading Process of transferring items from storage media to memory Reading Hardware that records and retrieves items to and from storage media Functions as source of input Creates output

7. Floppy DiskSmall files to be transported Secondary Storage Primary Storage Hard Disk CDs and DVDs Miniature Storage Media Tape Items waiting to be interpreted and executed by the processor Operating system, application software, user data and information Software, backups, movies, music Digital pictures or small files to be transported Backups Memory (most RAM) Stores … Storage What is access time? p. 7.04  Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage medium Next  Time required to deliver item from memory to processor faster transfer rates slower transfer rates

8. Floppy Disks What is a floppy disk? p. 7.05 Fig. 7-5 Next  Portable, inexpensive storage medium (also called diskette) Thin, circular, flexible film enclosed in 3.5” wide plastic shell shutter shell liner magnetic coating flexible thin film metal hub

9. Floppy Disks What is a floppy disk drive? p. 7.06 Fig. 7-6 Next Floppy disk drive built into a desktop computer External floppy disk drive attaches to a computer with a cable  Also called secondary storage  One floppy drive, named drive A  If two floppy drives, second designated as drive B  Device that reads from and writes to floppy disk

10. Floppy Disks How does a floppy disk drive work? p. 7.06 Fig. 7-7 Next Step 1. When you insert the floppy disk into drive, shutter moves to the side to expose the recording surface on disk. Step 2. When you initiate a disk access, circuit board on drive that contains electronics sends signals to control movement of read/write heads until they barely touch surface (film) inside floppy disk’s shell. Step 3. For write instructions, circuit board verifies whether or not disk can be written on. Step 4. Motor spins a shaft, which causes surface inside floppy disk’s shell to spin. Step 5. Motor positions read/write heads over correct location on recording surface of disk. Step 6. Read/write heads read data from and write data on floppy disk.

11. Floppy Disks p. 7.07 Fig. 7-8 Next What are tracks and sectors? Track is narrow recording band that forms full circle on disk Sector stores up to 512 bytes of data Formatting prepares disk for use and marks bad sectors as unusable Click to view Web Link, then click Floppy Disks below Chapter 7

12. Floppy Disks How do you compute a disk’s storage capacity? p. 7.08 Next  Multiply number of sides, number of tracks, number of sectors per track, and number of bytes per sector  For high-density disk: 2 sides  80 tracks  18 sectors per track  512 bytes per sector = 1,474,560 bytes Characteristics of a 3.5-inch High-Density Floppy Disk Capacity:1.44 MB Sides:2 Tracks:80 Sectors per track:18 Bytes per sector: 512 Sectors per disk:2880

13. Floppy Disks p. 7.08 Next Never open the shutter and touch the disk’s surface How do you care for a floppy? Avoid exposure to heat and cold Avoid exposure to magnetic fields Avoid exposure to contaminants such as dust, smoke, or salt air Keep disks in a storage tray when not using them  Proper care helps maximize disk’s life  Floppy disk can last at least seven years

14. Floppy Disks What is a write-protect notch? p. 7.08 Fig. 7-10 Next  Small opening with a cover that you slide  Protects floppy disk from being erased accidentally hole on this side means disk is high density write-protected not write-protected notch closed means you can write on the disk notch open means you cannot write on the disk

15. External Zip drive Zip ® Disks What is a Zip disk? p. 7.09 Fig. 7-11 Next  Magnetic medium that stores from 100 MB to 750 MB of data  Zip disks require a Zip drive c — c high capacity drive that reads from and writes on a Zip disk  Built-in Zip drive  External Zip drive : connects to a USB, FireWire or parallel port  Used to back up and to transfer files  Backup is duplicate of file, program, or disk in case original is lost c Zip disk

16. Hard Disks What is a hard disk? p. 7.09 Fig. 7-12 Next hard disk installed in system unit  High-capacity storage ( 40 to 250 GB and more)  Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically  Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for protection  Sometimes called a fixed disk because it is mounted in a drive bay and usually is not potable

17. Hard Disks What are characteristics of a hard disk? p. 7.10 Fig. 7-13 Next The capacity of a hard disk is determined from the number of platters it contains, together with composition of the magnetic coating on the platters.

18. Hard Disks How does a hard disk work? p. 7.11 Fig. 7-14 Next Step 1. Circuit board controls movement of head actuator and a small motor. Step 2. Small motor spins platters while computer is running. Step 3. When software requests a disk access, read/write heads determine current or new location of data. Step 4. Head actuator positions read/write head arms over correct location on platters to read or write data.

19. Hard Disks What is a cylinder? p. 7.11 Fig. 7-15 Next  Vertical section of track through all platters  Single movement of read/write head arms accesses all platters in cylinder platter read/write head platter sides cylinder track sector

20. Hard Disks What is a head crash? p. 7.12 Fig. 7-16 Next clearance read/write head platter hair dust smoke  Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write head above platter  Head crash results in a loss of data or sometimes loss of the entire drive - Needs to backup the hard disk regularly.  Occurs when read/write head touches platter surface  A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive unusable  Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of an inch

21. Hard Disks v Hard disk access time can be improved by using disk caching.  Two types of cache : memory cache and disk cache.  Memory cache: used to improve the memory access time. L1 and L2 cache for most PC, L3 cache for server. L1 and L2 are built directly on to the processor chip. Search order: L1, then L2, then L3 (if it exists), then RAM  Disk cache: used to improve the hard disk access time

22. hard disk Next Hard Disks What is a disk cache? p. 7.12 Fig. 7-17  Portion of memory that processor uses to store frequently accessed items second request for data—to hard disk disk cache first request for data—to disk cache processor

23. Hard Disks What are external hard disks and removable hard disks? p. 7.13 Fig. 7-18 Next External hard disk—freestanding hard disk that connects with a cable to a USB, FireWire or other port on the system unit. Storage capacities up to 250 GB or higher  Used to back up or transfer files Removable hard disk—hard disk that you insert and remove from hard disk drive Storage capacities up to 80 GB or higher

24. Hard Disks What is a disk controller? p. 7.13 Next EIDEEnhancedIntegratedDrive Electronics) controller supports four hard disks, provides connections for CD and DVD drives EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) controller supports four hard disks, provides connections for CD and DVD drives Chip and circuits that control transfer of items from disk SCSI (SmallComputerSystemInterface) controller supports up to fifteen devices including hard disks, CD and DVD drives, tape drives, printers, scanners, network cards SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) controller supports up to fifteen devices including hard disks, CD and DVD drives, tape drives, printers, scanners, network cards

25. Hard Disks What is an Internet hard drive (online storage)? p. 7.14 Fig. 7-19 Next  Others can be authorized to access your data  Service on Web that provides storage for minimal monthly fee  Files can be accessed from any computer with Web access  Large files can be downloaded instantaneously Click to view Web Link, then click Hard Drives below Chapter 7

26. Push the same button to close the tray. CDs and DVDs What are CDs and DVDs? p. 7.15 Fig. 7-20 Next  Most PCs include CD or DVD drive, most play audio CDs  Flat, round, portable metal discs with protective plastic coating  These are optical media that store items by using microscopic pits and lands Insert the disc, label side up. Push the button to slide out the tray.

27. CDs and DVDs How does a laser read data on a CD or DVD? p. 7.16 Fig. 7-21 Next laser diode prism light- sensing diode 01 lens pitland disc label Step 1. Laser diode shines a light beam toward disc. Step 2. If light strikes a pit, it scatters. If light strikes a land, it is reflected back toward diode. Step 3. Reflected light is deflected to a light-sensing diode, which sends digital signals of 1 to computer. Absence of reflected light is read as digital signal of 0.

28. CDs and DVDs How is data stored on a CD or DVD? p. 7.16 Fig. 7-22 Next  Typically stored in single track  Track divided into evenly sized sectors that store items single track spirals to edge of disc disc sectors

29. CDs and DVDs How should you care for a CD or DVD? p. 7.16 Fig. 7-23 Next Do store the disc in a jewel box when not in use Do hold a disc by its edges Do not eat, smoke, or drink near a disc Do not stack discs Do not expose the disc to excessive heat or sunlight Do not touch the underside of the disc

30. CDs and DVDs What is a CD-ROM? p. 7.17 Fig. 7-24 Next  Compact disc read-only memory  A type of optical disc that uses laser technology to store data.  Cannot erase or modify contents.  Called a single-session disc because manufactures write all items on the disc at one time.  Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB.  Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex software (Encyclopedias, games…)

31. CDs and DVDs v The speed of a CD-ROM drive determines how fast the drive installs program and accesses the disc. v Original CD-ROM drives: single speed drives with transfer rates of 150 KBps (Kilobytes per second). v To measure the transfer rate, manufacturers use the relative values of the transfer rate of this original CD- ROM drives v They use an X to denote the original transfer rate of 150 KBps. What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive?

32. CDs and DVDs What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive? p. 7.18 Next 75X Ranges from 48X to 75X or faster 75  150 KBps = 11,250 KBps 48X: 48  150 KBps = 7,200 KBps

33. CDs and DVDs What is a Picture CD? p. 7.19 Fig. 7-25 Next Film developers offer Picture CD service Can be modified using photo editing software A type of CD that stores digital versions of roll of film using a jpg file format Step 3. At home, print images from Picture CD with your ink-jet photo printer. At a store, print images from Picture CD at kiosk. Step 1. Drop off film to be developed. Mark the Picture CD box on the film-processing envelope. Step 2. When you pick up prints and negatives, a Picture CD contains digital images of each photograph.

34. CDs and DVDs What is a PhotoCD? v Another type of CD that stores digital photographic images. v A single PhotoCD stores images from multiple rolls of film using the Image Pac, or PCD, file format developed by Kodak. v Designed for commercial and professional users. v Available in many resolutions, ranging from 128 x 192 to 4096 x 6411 pixels. v A PhotoCD is a multisession disc; users can save additional photos on the disc at a later time.

35. CDs and DVDs What is a CD-R (compact disc-recordable)?  Multi-session CD with which users write on part of the disc at one time and another part at a later time.  Disc’s contents cannot be erased.  Most current CD-ROM drives can read a CD-R.  CD-R drives can read both audio CDs and standard CD-ROMs.  Speed of CD-R drive  Reading speed: 48X or more  Writing speed: 40X or more  Manufactures list the writing speed first and reading speed next, such as 40/48.  Slightly more expensive than standard CD-ROM drives.

36. CDs and DVDs What is a CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)?  Erasable disc users can write on multiple times.  CD-RW overcomes the major disadvantage of CD-R disc.  With CD-RW, the disc acts like a floppy disk or hard disk, allowing users to write and rewrite data onto it multiple times.  Reliability of disc tends to drop with each successive rewrite.  Speed of CD-RW drive  writing speed: 52X or more  rewriting speed: 24X or more  reading speed: 52X or more  Manufacturers state the speeds in the above order: 52/24/52.  Multithread CD drive is a drive that reads audio CDs, data CDs, CD-Rs, and CD-RWs. Most current CD drives are multithread.

37. CDs and DVDs Comparison of CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW p. 7.20 Must have CD recorder or CD-R drive CD-R (compact disc-recordable) — multi-session CD CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) — ce erasable disc you can write on multiple times Must have CD-RW software and CD-RW drive CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) — single-session CD Must have CD-ROM drive

38. How is an audio CD created? Step 5. User listens to song on a personal computer or removes CD and listens to song on a portable CD player. Step 2. Song is stored on audio CD and purchased by user. Step 1. Artist composes a song. Step 3. User inserts audio CD into CD drive, plays song, and rips desired tracks onto hard disk. Step 4. User copies file to a CD-RW disc. Next p. 7.20 Fig. 7-26 CDs and DVDs  From a purchased CD...

39. CDs and DVDs Step 3. User pays for and downloads song as audio file onto a hard disk. Step 2. Song is compressed and stored on the Internet. How is an audio CD created?  From the Internet... p. 7.20 Fig. 7-26 Next Step 5. User listens to song on a personal computer or removes CD and listens to song on a portable CD player. Step 1. Artist composes a song. Step 4. User copies file to a CD-RW disc.

40. CDs and DVDs What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)? p. 7.22 Fig. 7-27 Next DVD DVD drive  High capacity disc capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB  Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-ROM  Newer DVD-ROM drive, CD- RW/DVD, can read audio CDs, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, and CD-RWs  Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies

41. CDs and DVDs How does a DVD-ROM store data?  DVD-ROM uses one of three storage techniques  Make the disc denser by packing the pits closer together.  Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is semitransparent so laser can read through  Some are double-sided DVD-ROM Storage Capacities SidesLayersStorage Capacity 1147 GB 118.5 GB 219.4 GB 2217 GB

42. CDs and DVDs DVD Variations  DVD-R (DVD-recordable)  DVD+RW (DVD-rewritable)  DVD+RAM (DVD+random access memory) : allow users to erase and record on a DVD+RAM discs more than 100,000 times. Storage capacity up to 4.7 GB per side

43. Tape What is tape? p. 7.24 Fig. 7-29 Next  Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of storing large amounts of data at low cost  Primarily used for backup  Tape drive reads and writes data on a tape Tape drive Tape cartridge

44. Tape How is data stored on a tape?  Sequential access Digital audio tapeDAT2 GB to 240 GB (also called digital data storage)(also called DDS) Digital linear tapeDLT20 GB to 229 GB Linear tape-openLTO100 GB to 200 GB Quarter-inch cartridgeQIC40 MB to 25 GB TravanTR8 GB to 40 GB Popular Types of Tape NameAbbreviationStorage Capacity  Unlike direct access (random access) — used on floppy disks, Zip disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs — which can locate particular item immediately  Reads and writes data consecutively, like music tape

45. PC Cards What is a PC Card? p. 7.24 Figs. 7-31–7-32 Next PC Cards CategoryThicknessUse Type I3.3 mmRAM, SRAM, flash memory Type II5.0 mmModem, LAN, SCSI, sound, TV turner, hard disk, or other storage Type III10.5 mmRotating storage such as a hard disk  Adds capabilities to computer  Credit-card-sized device commonly used in notebook computers

46. Miniature Mobile Storage Media What is miniature mobile storage media? p. 7.25 Fig. 7-33 Next  Storage for small mobile devices Miniature mobile storage media

47. Miniature Mobile Storage Media What are common types of miniature mobile storage media? (Refer to the Figure 7-34 for storage capacity and use) Next Smart MediaSecure Digital Microdrive ™ USBDrive ™ Memory Stick ® CompactFlash

48. Miniature Mobile Storage Media p. 7.27 Fig. 7-35 Next What is a card reader?  Reads information stored on miniature mobile storage media  Type of card determines type of card reader needed

49. Miniature Mobile Storage Media What is a USB flash drive (keychain drive)?  Flash memory storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or potable device  Storage capacity is up to 32 GB  Data transfer rate is about 16 MBps

50. Miniature Mobile Storage Media What is a smart card? p. 7.27 Fig. 7-36 Next  Stores data on microprocessor embedded in small card  Difference with a flash memory card:  Flash memory card has only storage capabilities.  Smart card contains a processor and have input, process, output, and storage capabilities  Sometimes called intelligent smart card

51. Miniature Mobile Storage Media Where is a smart card used?  To store a prepaid dollar amount, as in a prepaid telephone calling card or electronic money  To store medical records, vaccination data, and other health- care information  To track information such as customer purchases or employee attendance

52. Miniature Mobile Storage Media What is e-money (electronic money)? p. 7.28 Next Sometimes placed on smart card Means of paying for goods and services over the Internet Also called digital cash Bank issues unique digital cash numbers that represent amount of money Money is withdrawn from your bank account

53. Microfilm and Microfiche What are microfilm and microfiche? p. 7.28 Fig. 7-37 Next Images recorded using computer output microfilm recorder Store microscopic images of documents on roll or sheet of film Microfilm — 100- to 215-foot roll of film Microfiche — small sheet of film, usually 4”  6”

54. Microfilm and Microfiche Applications?  Libraries use to store back issues of newspapers, magazines, and genealogy records  Large organizations use to archive inactive files  Banks use to store transactions and canceled checks  US Army uses to store personnel records Advantages?  Reduce the amount of paper usage  Inexpensive  Have the longest life of any storage media

55. Microfilm and Microfiche How do life expectancies of various media compare? p. 7.29 Fig. 7-38 Next Media Life Expectancies Magnetic disks3 to 5 years20 to 30 years CDs and DVDs discs5 to 10 years50 to 100 years Microfilm100 years500 years Media TypeGuaranteed LifePotential Life ExpectancyExpectancy  Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media

56. Putting It All Together What are recommended storage devices for home users? p. 7.29 Fig. 7-39 Next Home  3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive  250 MB Zip drive  60 GB hard disk  Internet hard drive  CD or DVD drive  Card reader

57. Putting It All Together What are recommended storage devices for small office/home office (SOHO) users? p. 7.29 Fig. 7-39 Next  3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive  250 MB Zip drive  100 GB hard disk  Internet hard drive  CD or DVD drive  External hard drive for backup Small Office/ Home Office (SOHO)

58. Putting It All Together What are recommended storage devices for mobile users? p. 7.29 Fig. 7-39 Next  3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive  2 GB PC Card hard disk or USB Drive  40 GB hard disk  Internet hard drive  CD or DVD drive  Card reader  External or removable hard disk for backup Mobile

59. Putting It All Together What are recommended storage devices for large business users? p. 7.29 Fig. 7-39 Next  3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive  160 GB hard disk  CD or DVD drive  Microfilm or microfiche  Smart card reader  Tape drive Large Business

60. Putting It All Together What are recommended storage devices for power users? p. 7.29 Fig. 7-39 Next  3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive  CD or DVD drive  160 GB hard disk  Internet hard drive  External or removable hard disk for backup Power

61. Summary of Storage Floppy disks Zip disks Internal hard disks External hard disks Removable hard disks CD-ROMs CD-RWs DVD-ROMs DVD+RWs Tape PC Cards Flash memory cards and other miniature mobile storage media Microfilm and microfiche Chapter 7 Complete