1. General Labs that should be completed for the AP
AP Chemistry
General Labs that should be completed for the AP

2. 1. Determination of the formula of a compound
Empirical Formula/Molecular Formula
Zumdahl Chapter 1
Sample Lab: Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide by heating pure magnesium over flame.
Skills/concepts to master: proper procedures for using crucible and Bunsen burners, how to find the empirical formula and its relationship to the molecular formula

3. Source: http://www.mr-damon.com/experiments/2sp/magensium_burning/

4. 2. Determination of the percentage of water in a hydrate
Formula of hydrate; use of heat to produce anhydrous salt
Zumdahl Chapter 3
Sample Lab: Find the number of molecules of water that accompanies each molecule of Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate)*
Skills/concepts to master: use of burner and crucible, use of lab scale, calculation of hydrate formula

5. Source: http://www. chem. iastate

6. 3. Determination of molar mass by vapor density
Dumas method; ideal gas formula
Zumdahl Chapter 5
Sample lab: Measure the molecular weight of an unknown pure liquid by a simplified procedure similar to the Dumas method*
Skills/concepts to master: Proper method for measuring volume, pressure, and temperature; how molecular weight can be incorporated into the ideal gas formula; how vapor pressure is involved; relationship between volume, pressure, molar mass, and temperature

8. 4. Determination of molar mass by freezing-point depression
Colligative properties; boiling point elevation, freezing point depression
Zumdahl chapter 11
Sample lab: Find the molar mass of KNO3 by using freezing-point depression*
Skills/concepts to master: measuring and comparing the boiling points of known concentrations of two solutions; measure and compare the freezing points of known concentrations of two other solutions; calculate the molecular mass of the solutes from your boiling point and freezing point data and compare with their theoretical masses

10. 5. Determination of molar volume of a gas
Standard Temperature and Pressure; volume of gas at STP
Chapter 5
Sample lab: Use balloons and dry ice to determine the molar volume of carbon dioxide at STP by making three mass measurements and recording the temperature and atmospheric pressure
Skills/concepts to master: The concept of buoyancy, measuring pressure and temperature; gas volume and its relationship to the mole

12. 6. Standardization of a solution using a primary standard
Standardization; titration
Chapter 14
Sample lab: Use titration to standardize a sodium hydroxide solution
Skills/concepts to master: proper method for titration; using titration to find concentrations/formulas

13. http://www. adrian. edu/chemistry/th/Somelinks/Spages/jfakult/Photo

14. 7. Determination of concentration by acid-base titration, including a weak acid or a weak base
Titration; stoichiometry; weak acid and weak base titration versus strong acid/base titration
Chapter 15
Sample lab: “Is Household Vinegar Really 5%?” *
Skills/concepts to master: vinegar as a weak acid, titration of weak acid/base

16. 8. Determination of concentration by oxidation-reduction titration
Redox reactions; redox in titration
Chapter 15
Sample Lab: “Is it Really 3% Hydrogen Peroxide?”*
Skills/concepts to master: stoichiometry of a reaction; redox reaction and its relationship to titration; the concentration of hydrogen peroxide

17. http://gakuen. gifu-net. ed

18. 9. Determination of mass and mole relationship in a chemical reaction
Mass; mole
Chapter 1
Sample Lab: Calculate the moles after measuring the masses of NaHCO3 and NaCl
Skills/concepts to master: how to use stoichiometry to determine the mass and mole relationships of the solid reactant and product  

19. 10. Determination of an equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction
Rate of reaction; equilibrium constant
Chapter 15
Sample lab: determine the equilibrium constant for a reaction using spectrophotometric techniques
Skills/concepts to master: use of the spectrophotometer, how to measure concentrations of products and reactants, how to find the equilibrium constant

21. 11. Determination of appropriate indicators for various acid-base titrations; pH determination
pH; indicators and their functions
Chapter 15
Sample lab: “Equilibrium- Hydrolysis”*
Skills/concepts to master: results of strong/weak base/acid combinations; use of appropriate solution indicators

23. 12. Determination of the rate of reaction and its order*
Rate of reaction: change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time.
Zumdahl Chapter 12
Sample Lab: Determine the order of an iodine clock reaction with respect to H2O2
Skills/concepts to master: how to find the order (and overall order) of the reaction, how to determine the reaction constant, how to graph the reaction orders

24. Source: http://jchemed. chem. wisc

25. 13. Determination of enthalpy change associated with a reaction
Enthalpy: change in heat of reaction- endothermic/ exothermic
Zumdahl Chapter 6
Sample Lab: Determine the change in enthalpy for the reaction of magnesium metal with hydrochloric acid
Skills/concepts to master: how to measure enthalpy change for reaction and to see whether it is exothermic or endothermic; how to use a calorimeter

26. Source: http://www. chem. queensu

27. 14. Separation and qualitative analysis of cations and anions*
Cation-positive ion; Anion- negative ion; can result in insoluble precipitates
Zumdahl Chapter 4
Sample Lab: Determine which combination of substances will produce a precipitate reaction
Skills/concepts to master: the general solubility rules; how to describe precipitation reactions by writing net ionic equations

28. Silver Chloride solution: AgCl
Source:

29. 15. Synthesis of a coordination compound and its chemical analysis*
Complex ion: has a metal ion at its center with a number of other molecules and ions surrounding it
Zumdahl Chapter 15
Sample Lab: Determine the effects of varying concentration of reactants and the reactions between ammonium hydroxide and copper chloride
Skills/concepts to master: how to form copper hydroxide or copper ion ammonia complex; the effect of acid and base on the copper amine formation

30. Copper Amine Complex Formation
The well at the left contains copper chloride and water. Beginning from the right, the wells contain increasing amounts of aqueous ammonia solution.
Source:

31. 16. Analytical gravimetric determination
The quantitative determination of a substance by precipitation followed by isolation and weighing of the precipitate is called gravimetric analysis
Zumdahl Chapter 1
Sample Lab: Determine the mass of chloride in a solution after precipitation the chloride with silver and weighing the silver chloride
Skills/concepts to master: how to use the laboratory scale efficiently; how to form the AgCl precipitate

32. Source: http://wulfenite.fandm.edu/labtech/images/Heating.JPG

33. 17. Colorimetric or spectrophotometric analysis
Spectrophotometric techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer.
Zumdahl Chapter 20
Sample Lab: Determine the “absorption spectrum” of permanganate by using a spectrophotometer
Skills/concepts to master: how to use and analyze a spectrophotometer, how to determine concentration of a solution

34. Source: http://www.rsc.org/ej/AN/2000/a909345a/a909345a-f7.gif

35. 18. Separation by Chromotography
Chromatography is the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the substance to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated.
Zumdahl Chapter 1
Sample Lab: to separate the different pigments of a plant using acetone and filter paper
Skills/concepts to master: the purpose of chromatography; the different pigments of a plant; the wavelengths of the various pigments
18. Separation by Chromotography

36. Source: http://www. msu

37. 19. Preparations and properties of buffer solutions
Buffer solutions: resist change in pH upon small additions of acids/bases
Zumdahl Chapter 15
Sample Lab: create a buffer solution with HCl and NaOH
Skills/concepts to master: how to make an ideal buffer solution; the resistance in change of pH for buffers; use of a buffer

38. Source: http://alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/ch118/labs/BuffersNew.pdf

39. 20. Determination of electrochemical series
Standard reduction potential; redox reaction that can be broken into two half reactions: the oxidation occurring at the anode and the reduction occurring at the cathode.
Zumdahl Chapter 17
Sample Lab: build several electrochemical cells using metal electrodes
Skills/concepts to master: the flow of electron current in a galvanic cell; redox reactions in terms of a galvanic cell; how to build a galvanic cell

40. Source: http://upload. wikimedia

41. 21. Measurements using electrochemical cells and electroplating
Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to coat an electrically conductive object with a relatively thin layer of metal.
Zumdahl Chapter 17
Sample Lab: to use electroplating to plate copper onto a subject such as a nail
Skills/concepts to master: how to perform electroplating; how to write the respective redox half reactions; how to differentiate between the anode and cathode

42. Source: http://genchem. chem. wisc

43. 22. Synthesis, purification, and analysis of an organic compound
An organic compound is any compound that contains carbon.
Zumdahl Chapter 22
Sample Lab: to identify different organic compounds in plants
Skills/concepts to master: the locations of the organic compounds in plants; the various uses of organic compounds; how to write the organic formulas

44. Source: http://botit. botany. wisc