1. What Is Imagery? Equivalent terms include visualization, mental rehearsal, mental practice. Imagery involves creating or recreating an experience in your mind. (continued)

2. What Is Imagery? A form of simulation that involves recalling from memory pieces of information stored from experience, and shaping these pieces into meaningful images. (continued)

3. What Is Imagery? Imagery involves all the senses: visual, kinesthetic, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory. Imagery involves moods and emotions.

4. Types of Imagery _________________ _________________ _________________ Internal imagery _________________ _________________ _________________ External imagery

5. Vividness Use all the senses to make images as vivid and detailed as possible. Exercise: Keys to Effective Imagery

6. Controllability Learn to manipulate your images so they do what you want them to. Exercise: Keys to Effective Imagery

7. Uses of Imagery Improve concentration Relaxation Build confidence Control emotional responses - coping Acquire and practice physical sport skills Control pain Solve problems Acquire and practice strategy

8. Does Imagery Work? Jack Nicklaus, Olympic athletes and coaches Anecdotal reports: Case studies: myself VMBR investigations with skiers and karate performers Multiple-baseline case studies: Many supportive experiments; 200+ Experimental evidence: However, imagery effectiveness depends on a number of factors.

9. Factors in Effectiveness of Imagery Nature of the task: Skill level of the performer: (continued)

10. Factors in Effectiveness of Imagery Imaging ability: Combination with practice:

11. Developing an Imagery Training Program Tailor imagery programs to an athlete’s individual needs, abilities, and interests. The first step in developing an imagery program is evaluating the athlete’s imagery skills. Imagery must be practiced...should be built into an athlete’s daily routine.

12. Developing an Imagery Training Program Proper setting Relaxed concentration Realistic expectations; sufficient motivation Vivid and controllable images Positive focus Imagery guidelines: (continued)

13. Developing an Imagery Training Program Imagery guidelines: Use Videotapes; create them of yourself or use expert models Imagining execution and outcome Imagining in real time

14. When to Use Imagery Before and after practice Before and after competition During breaks in action (in practice and competition) During personal time When recovering from injury Immediate correction of technical or mental mistakes (e.g., golf swing)

15. How Imagery Works: Five Theories Psychoneuromuscular theory Symbolic learning theory Psychological skills hypothesis Bioinformational theory Triple code model

16. Theory 1 Imagery programs muscles for action. How Imagery Works Psychoneuromuscular Theory _____________________________________ _____________________________________

17. Theory 2 Imagery helps us understand movement patterns. How Imagery Works Symbolic Learning Theory _____________________________________ _____________________________________

18. Theory 3 Imagery ---> other mental skills How Imagery Works Psychological Skills Hypothesis: Attentional Arousal Set _____________________________________ _____________________________________

19. Theory 4 Images are made of stimulus and response propositions. How Imagery Works Bioinformational Theory _____________________________________ _____________________________________

20. Theory 5 Imagery comprises the image, somatic response, and image meaning. How Imagery Works Triple Code Model _____________________________________ _____________________________________

21. Future of Imagery Neuroscience and imaging Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity http://www.bepress.com/jirspa/ Journal of Mental Imagery http://www.journalofmentalimagery.com/i ndex.html Other applications and directions?