1. Lab 41 Urinalysis

2. Urine 180L/day filtrate  1.8L/day urine Sterile Contains: –Water (~ 95%) –Urea (from amino acids) –Creatinine (from muscle creatine phosphate) –Uric acid (From nucleic acids) –Urobilins (urochrome) –Electrolytes

3. General Characteristics of Normal Urine Table 26–5

4. Urine – variable components pH = 6.0 normally –Can be amore acidic due to respiratory problems, acidosis, uncontrolled diabetes, starvation and high protein diets –Can be basic due to chronic renal failure, UTI, vegetarian diet Ketones in the urine (starvation, diabetes) give it an fruity smell Glucose in the urine may give is a sweet smell

5. Nitrogenous wastes Urea: breakdown of amino acids in the liver and other cells leads to the production of ammonium ion NH 4 + + CO 2  urea Uric Acid: breakdown product of nucleic acids Creatinine: from muscle metabolism of creatine phosphate

6. Urine characteristics Color Turbidity Smell Density (specific gravity) Contents : Water Chemicals: –Urea –Na+, K+ –Phosphate, sulfate ions –Creatinine –Uric acid –Urobilins Sometimes: –Glucose –Albumin (plasma protein) –Ketones –Hemoglobin –RBCs –Bilrubin –Nitrites –WBCs –Casts

7. Specific Gravity is a measure of urine concentration Excessively concentrated urine can crystallize over time forming kidney stones

8. Today Get into groups In each group, one person can do an unknown pathological “urine” sample; others use your own urine sample Collect your sample – starting at midstream is best Note characteristics (color, turbidity, odor) Test specific gravity with urinometer – rinse and place in bleach when done

9. Today Test pH with pH paper (optional) Test for Sulfates, Phosphates & Chlorides - all chemical tests done in the test tubes provided. Glucose with the Clinitest tablets. Bilibubin with the the Ictotest. Multistix test strips for leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, protein, blood, bilirubin, pH, specific gravity, and glucose (note the time differences among them) Centrifuge, stain and examine

10. Tests for Sulfates, Phosphates, Chlorides Sulfates –Measure 5ml of urine an put in test tube –Add a few drops dilute HCl –Add 2ml of 10% barium chloride –Precipitates indicate sulfates Phosphates –Place beaker ½ of water on hot plate and heat –Put 5ml urine in test tube with 3-4 drops nitric acid and 3ml aluminum molybdate –Mix well with glass rod, then heat in bath –Yellow precipitate indicate phosphates Chlorides –To 5ml of urine in a test tube add several drops AgNO3 –White precipitate indicated chlorides

11. Tests: Glucose, Bilirubin Glucose –Obtain the Clinitest tablets and color chart for comparison –Put 5 drops of urine into a test tube –Rinse dropper and add 5 drops of water to the tube –Add Clintiest tablet, wait 15 sec, then compare color to chart Bilibubin –Place one drop of urine in the center of the Ictotest mat with the the Ictotest. –Place Ictitest tablet on top of urine drop –Add two drops of water directly to the tablet –Purple = bilirubin

12. Multistix Use Multistix test strips for leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, protein, blood, bilirubin, pH, specific gravity, ketones, and glucose (note the time differences among them)

13. Staining DO THIS FIRST Pour portion of sample into tube (10ml) Give to me to centrifuge When I return it, pour off the supernate Take a sample of the pellet (sediment) Put one drop on the slide with drop of stain Cover slip examine and draw, comparing to figure

14. Turn in Review Sheet 41 Drawing of 2-3 interesting things seen in the urine Page 625 with results for real urine sample and pathological sample (record # at top of page) Due next Thurs