1. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica Strumentazione sub-mm/mm pre-ALMA APEX APEX SCUBA & SCUBA-2 SCUBA & SCUBA-2 IRAM IRAM SMA SMA CSO CSO OVRO, BIMA CARMA OVRO, BIMA CARMA NMA NMA

2. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica APEX: Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment Location: Llano de Chajnantor (Chile, 5000 m) Antenna modified copy of US ALMA prototype MPIfR=50% Onsala Sp. Obs=23% ESO=27% PI: Karl Menten PS: Peter Schilke 12 m diameter 300-1500 μm= 230-1200 GHz

3. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica Instruments Heterodyne receivers : 1.230 GHz (1.3 mm)+340 GHz (0.9 mm) receivers (from SEST) 2.460 GHz (650 micron) 16-pixel CHAMP array (from CSO) 3.810 GHz (370 micron) receiver (from JCMT) 4.Upgrade of CHAMP/dual receiver: 650 and 810 GHz (next) 5.Experimental receivers above 1 THz (next) Bolometers arrays : 1.LABOCA (LArge BOlometer CAmera): 870 micron (345 GHz) 295 channels beam size=18 arcsec FOV=11.4 arcmin scanning and jiggling required for fully sampled maps 2.350 micron (850 GHz) array: 37-channel bolometer (next) 3.2 mm (150 GHz) array: 3oo channel bol. for SZ (next)

4. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica Summary of the first generation facility instruments ReceiverFrequency (GHz/mm) (GHz/mm)ElementsNotes APEX-1a210-275Q1 2004 APEX-1b210-275Q3 2004 APEX-2b275-370Q3 2004 APEX-3b375-500Q3 2004 APEX-T21240-1400TBD LABOCA0.8300Q2 2004 350 μm0.3737Q2 2004

5. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica Observing Time Consortium: The Astronomical Institute at the University of Bochum (AIRUB), the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) and the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) 10% observing time for Chilean astronomers

6. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica SCUBA: the Sub-mm Common-User Bolometer Array 15-m diameter telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 4092 m) INSTRUMENTS Sub-mm bolometers: Simultaneous observations at 850 μm (353 GHz, 37 bolometers) and 450 μm (670 GHz, 91 bolometers) Diameter f.o.v.=2.3 arcmin, beam=15-7 arcsec; cooled at 100 mK UK, Canada, and The Netherlands collaboration, ~5-10% observing time to international programs. Spectral line receivers: 3 receivers: A3: 230 GHz – B3: 345 GHz – W: 460 and 690 GHz Heterodyne polarimeter: all frequencies. Next: ROVER (2-3 mm window)

7. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica The SCUBA-2 project SCUBA-2: Transition Edge Sensor arrays: two dc-coupled, monolithic, filled arrays with a total of 10240 bolometers Two focal-plane units each unit has 4 sub-arrays with 40x32 elements Observing bands: 850 μm and 450 μm F.O.V.=50 arcmin sq.=12xSCUBA Sensitivity: a factor ~2-3 better than SCUBA 1000 times faster than SCUBA to reach the same S/N for maps (fully sampled image in just one pointing) Cooled at 120 mK limited by the sky background photon noise Delivered to the JCMT in Feb. 2006 (2 sub-arrays) and completed in Nov. 2006 (all sub-arrays)

8. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica SCUBA-2 focal plane

9. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica IRAM: Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique French-German-Spanish collaboration Two observatories 1.30-m single-dish telescope on Pico Veleta (2850 m, Spain) 2.6-antenna (15 m each) interferometer on the Plateau de Bure (2550 m, France) 1. 30-m Telescope Bolometer systems: MAMBO I: 1.2mm, beam=11 arcsec, 37 pixels MAMBO II: 1.2mm, beam=11 arcsec, 117 pixels plus receivers in the range 80-272 GHz 2. PdBI 2. PdBI Receiver at 1.3 mm (205-250 GHz), resolution~0.5 arcsec, f.o.v.=20 Receiver at 3 mm (81-115 GHz)

10. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica

11. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica SMA: Sub-Millimeter Array Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory + Academia Sinica of Astronomy and Astrophysics collaboration 8 x 6-m antenna interferometer on Mauna Kea (~4000m, Hawaii), baseline as long as 500 m, 180-900 GHz band 2 simultaneous receivers/element Receiver bands: 230, 345, 460, 690, and 850 GHz

12. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica CSO: Caltech Submillimeter Observatory 10.4-m diameter telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii) INSTRUMENTS Bolometer systems: BOLOCAM: 115 working pixels, f.o.v.=8 arcmin (circular), beam size=30 arcsec (1.1 mm) and 60 arcsec (2.1 mm) SHARC II: 12x32 array of bolometers at 350-450 μm f.o.v.=1.0x2.5 arcmin sq., beam~8.5 arcsec (350 μm) COMPLEMENTARY TO SCUBA Heterodyne receivers: 230, 345,490, and 665 GHz

13. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica OVRO: Owens Valley Radio Observatory Caltech / National Science Foundation 6 x 10.4-m antenna interferometer (California, ~1200 m) Beam-width=65 at 100 GHz Receiver bands: 86-116 GHz (3 mm) and 210-270 GHz (1 mm)

14. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica BIMA: Berkeley Illinois Maryland Association OVRO and BIMA have now ceased operations CARMA 10 x 6.1-m antenna interferometer

15. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica CARMA: Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy CARMA=OVRO+BIMA on a site in Eastern California (~3000 m a.s.l.) NSF + Universities SPECIFICATIONS ARRAY: 15 antennas (6 x 10.4 m + 9 x 6.1 m), 772 m 2, 0.5 arcsec res. at 230 GHz RECEIVERS: 115, 230, and 345 GHz Fully operational: end of 2005?

16. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica NMA: Nobeyama Millimeter Array ARRAY: 6 x 10m antennas BANDS: 3 mm (85-116 GHz), 2 mm (126-152 GHz), and 1 mm (213-237 GHz) resolution down to 1 arcsec RAINBOW NMA plus the 45 m single-dish telescope RAINBOW (f.o.v.=20 arcsec at 3 mm) 10 m sub-mm ASTE

17. Bologna, 6 giugno 2005Riunione ALMA extragalattica if you have questions… Im not sure I can answer …