1. Anti-Nuclear Movement
By Justin, Zach, and Kyle

2. Disasters of nuclear power plants
Chernobyl
(April 26th 1986)
A power plant in Ukraine. A major explosion released a toxic plume of nuclear fallout that drifted across Europe and the globe. 56 people died immediately and another 9000 later became very ill or died. Nearly 500,000 more people in the surrounding vicinity were evacuated and much of the region remains unsafe for human habitation today.
Three Mile Island
(March 29th 1979)
A power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania melted down. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area.
Chernobyl, post explosion.
Three Mile Island

3. The aftermath of the Chernobyl Meltdown
More than 7 million people in the former soviet republics of Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine are believed to have suffered severe medical problems and genetic damage (Thyroid, various cancers, and cancerous growths) as the direct result of Chernobyl.
Chernobyl still remains unsafe for humans today, although animals still continue to thrive there.
Christoph and Barbara Promberger, examining and radio collaring a wolf from Chernobyl. In this picture, they are searching for the amount of radiation in the wolf’s fur.

4. It is safe for humans and the environment?
Nuclear reactors release a small amount of radioactive chemicals into the air and water everyday during routine plant operations (This could be the cause of the elevated cancer rates in animals/humans who live nearby)
Chemical waste in growing volumes are seeping into the earth to poison ground water while huge quantities of carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons are contributing to global warming.

5. Does Nuclear Power contribute to climate change?
Many people say that nuclear power does not contribute to global warming. Even if it did contribute, it wouldn’t be possible right now for enough nuclear plants to be created in order to cause significant damage to the environment. All in all, nuclear plants can be a great help to the environment, but only if the issues of waste disposal and runoff are solved.

6. Do the benefits of nuclear power outweigh the risks?
While a great many new technologies have been put in place to make sure that disasters such as Chernobyl will not happen again, it’s still entirely possible for a meltdown or explosion to occur. No matter how effective the technology, human error will always be an unavoidable factor.
Even small radiation leaks can have dangerous effects. Some of the symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue. People who work at nuclear power plants and live near those areas are at a far greater risk of these symptoms due to increased exposure to nuclear radiation.

7. The two movements, and some notable groups
Anti-Nuclear Weapons Movement – Created in the 1950s as a response to atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and the nuclear bombing of Japan in WWII.
Anti-Nuclear Energy Movement – Began with protests in the 1960s, primarily over waste storage and the “vesting of promotion and control functions in the Atomic Energy Commission.”
Groups –
Clamshell Alliance – Created in opposition to the nuclear plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire. One of the most famous and well-organized groups.
Livermore Action Group – Organized nonviolent action at Liverpool National Laboratory. They focused on nuclear weapons, and aimed for complete global disarmament.

8. Notable protests
May 1st, 1977 – About 1500 protesters were arrested following a 3-day long occupation of Seabrook’s nuclear plant, which was organized by the Clamshell Alliance. No aggressive resistance was recorded, and the governor of New Hampshire acknowledged their efforts.
August 7th, 1977 – 47 groups assembled at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Generating Station and protested nuclear power. They marched on the plant and intended to occupy it, but only 48 people actually scaled the fence, while 3 came from the sea. They were all arrested.
April 29th, 1978 – 700 people from the original Seabrook occupation gather at the National Guard Armory to celebrate the “first annual anniversary ball” to commemorate the Seabrook occupation. Protest themes were found on signs and shirts, and slides were shown of the original occupation.

9. Citations
"Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy - Conserve Energy Future." ConserveEnergyFuture. N.p., 20 Jan Web. 20 May 2015.
Debra A Miller. Nuclear Engergy, GreenHaven Press 2010.
World Energy Crisis. Stuart A Kallen
American Environmentalism. Greg Barton. GreenhavenPress, San Diego, California
Energy Alternatives. Luara K. Egendorf. Thomason Gale, 2006
"Antinuclear Movement, 1950s-1960s - NUCLEAR NEW YORK." Antinuclear Movement, 1950s-1960s - NUCLEAR NEW YORK. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
Daubert, Victoria L., and Sue Ellen. Moran. Origins, Goals, and Tactics of the U.S. Anti-nuclear Protest Movement. Santa Monica, CA (1700 Main St., P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica ): Rand, Web. 20 May 2015.

11. Anti-War Movement
Lindsay N, Makayla D

12. Reasons Against War
Vietnam should settle their own issues and problems
Some saw it being similar to the American Revolution in 1775
“We must follow blindly down a dead- end alley, expending our limited resources… in a fight that would be hopeless.”
- Charles Reed, U.S. State Department of Financial
Shown in this picture, students from U.C. Berkeley are protesting the war.

13. Background about what's happening
When WWII started, the United States was united in the fight to overcome the new threats being posed
Communism was becoming a growing problem in the world and citizens of the U.S. banned together to fight this foe
War happened and Americans were willing to go over and fight these problems
Soon after this however people got tired of fighting, they got tired of war, and wanted peace
Background about what's happening
“The anti-war movement was like an audience gathered for a performance taking place behind closed curtains.”

14. Protesters
America’s involvement in Vietnam was a reflection of the country’s historically imperialist policies.
Exploited poor countries to benefit our own economy
The biggest anti-war protest was held in 1969 in the mall in Washington, D.C.
About 250,000 people were there
That was about half of the number of Americans that were in Vietnam

15. People opposing the drafts
When the war started there were many people against it. With this new war and the lack of people singing up the government implemented a draft. Through this draft many unwilling citizens got thrown into the line of fire.
Men in college weren’t obligated to fulfill their draft. They were skipped over and allowed to have draft determents. However, the less educated and schooled people were then sought after as draftees.
“American forces in Vietnam included twenty-five percent poor, fifty-five percent working-class, twenty percent middle-class men, but very few came from upper-classes families. Many soldiers came from rural towns and farming communities.”
How the draft worked…
When you were of drafting age (18) you would go and put your name in for the draft. If the selective service called your name you would then seek out the local draft board so that they could begin to evaluate you. If you were passed through you would go on for a physical and training.

16. Movements taken against the draft
1964, college students took to burning their draft cards
In the early 1970’s draft resistance met it’s peak
1972, there were 200,600 induction-refusal legal cases
Those who had evaded the draft by studying abroad with school faced forced military service upon coming home they also faced the possibility of imprisonment

17. Student Protests
Most students hated the Vietnam War and the Military Draft
Temporarily shut down full colleges in the United States
From huge colleges to smaller less well known colleges
Like the division of adults, there was a division between the student body over the Vietnam War
“If we begin bombing North Vietnamese air fields, the planes would seek sanctuary in Red China and thus would expand China’s role in the war.” –Senator Charles H. Percy of Illinois

18. Response to the Protests (college)
Campus authorities tolerated some protests
Disciplinary actions were taken
Local police got involved to impose order
Armed National Guard troops were eventually brought in
Open fired on students at Kent State University
Some students who merely stopped to see what was going on were shot and killed

19. The March Against The War, The Pentagon, October 21, 1967
Only watch the first 30 seconds
Students didn’t understand the administrative response because the campus was a safe place where protests were understood, respected, and even welcomed.

20. Pete Seeger Bring Them Home released in 1969 on a Young VS. Old album
Song
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Lyrics
springsteen.html

21. Critical Thinking Questions
How did the Vietnam War effect the students on a college campus?
What was the response to the protests on the campus? Why do you think the authorities took such extreme measurements?
Why do you think they would set up determents for college students? Why was that unfair to other eligible draft citizens?
What were the people trying to say through the protests? Do you think they were successful in sending that message?
What's the meaning in the song lyrics and why do they contribute to the protests?

22. Bibliography
Clark, Gregory. Quotationson the Vietam War. Jeferson: McFarland &, In., Publihers, Print.
Kronenwetter, Michael. America in the 1960s. Sandiego, Print.
Gottlieb, Sherry. Hell No We Won't Go. New York: Pengui Group, Print.
"The Aniwar Movement." U.S. History. Web. <
Kindig, Jessie. "Vietnam: Draft Resistance." Antiwar and Radical History Project – Pacific Northwest. Web. <
Bia, Ku. "Vietnam War Draft." The Vietnam War. 16 Apr Web. <
Kindig, Jessie. "Cracks in the Consensus: World War II." Antiwar and Radical History Project – Pacific Northwest. Web. <

24. By: Val Fialkoff & Max Pollak
Civil Rights Movement
By: Val Fialkoff & Max Pollak

25. General Info…
The Civil Rights Movement: The national effort made by African Americans and their supporters in the 1950’s-1960’s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights.
J.F.K. became President in 1961, African Americans in the South, were denied the right to vote, they were barred from public facilities, subjected to insults and violence, and could not expect justice from the courts.
African Americans in the North also faced discrimination in housing, employment, education and many other areas.
Brown vs Board of Education: Decided that racial segregation in public places was unconstitutional. Southern political leaders claimed the decision to desegregate violated the rights of states to manage their public education systems.
The Election of 1960: President Kennedy was reluctant to push ahead with civil rights legislation, but millions of African Americans would not wait. Civil rights became a crucial issue in his time.

26. SNCC
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: formed to give the younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movements.
The leader Ella Baker, was concerned that the SCLC led by MLK Jr, was out of touch with younger blacks who wanted the movement to make faster progress.
In 1966 Stokely Carmichael was elected head of SNCC, and popularized the term “black power” to characterize the new tactics and goals including self-reliance and the use of violence as a legitimate means of self defense.  
Focused on gaining rights for African American people. They expanded their efforts to include desegregation in the communities, as a part of their goals.
They held sit-ins, and peaceful protests as a means of protecting themselves against the violent attacks, and discrimination.

27. CORE Founded in 1942 by James Farmer.
In the 1960s CORE started to collaborate
with other peoples and organize things like
the freedom rides and freedom summer.
June Andrew Goodman,James Chaney and Michael Schwerner are killed by the KU Klux Klan (kkk) while working as volunteers for the CORE freedom summer.
Focused primarily on Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina.
CORE is famous for a series of controversial bus rides known as the Freedom Rides.

28. SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference: An African American civil rights organization, headed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Founded after the Montgomery Bus Boycott, by Dr. King, and formed to advocate for the rights of African Americans, and fight against racial discrimination.
Albany Movement
Birmingham Campaign
March on Washington
St. Augustine protests.
Grenada Freedom Movement

29. NAACP
Formed partly because of the continuing practice of lynching, and the 1908 race riots.
The NAACP’s main goal was to ensure the political, economical and social equality of all minority groups / eliminate racial prejudice.
Sought after racial equality in all aspects of life.
1903-> Branch offices are established in Boston Mass. , Baltimore MD., Kansas City MI., Washington D.C, Detroit MN., and St. Louis MI.
in 1917 the NAACP has around 9,000 members. In 1919 the NAACP has around 90,000
Waged a 30 year battle against lynching. #thestruggle

30. Black Power Movement
Black power is a popular political slogan used by people of African/black descent. “Black power” expresses a wide range of political goals, like…
Defense against racial discrimination.
Defense against racial oppression .
The establishment of social institutions.
Self-sufficient economy.
The term black power was an alternative name for “slave power”. it was first used in 1980 by a black leader named Fredrick Douglas .

31. Connecting Back to Society
The Civil Rights Movement connects back to American society because it directly impacted the life of African American people, and directly affected their lives.
They had to deal with vast amounts of racism, discrimination, and violence, in the North and even more so in the South.

32. Critical Thinking Questions
What are the name of the three cities that the NAACP had offices in?
What was the overall goal of the SNCC and SCLC?
Around how many members did the NAACP have in 1919, compared to 1917?
What were some of the problems that African Americans faced in the North and South?
What were some of the things that CORE started to collaborate with in the 1960’s?
Bonus Question: What did Brown vs. Board of Education do?

33. Citations!
"Congress of Racial Equality." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 18 May 2015.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
"NAACP: 100 Years of History." NAACP: 100 Years of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
"John F. Kennedy Library and Museum." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
"Black Power." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
Wexler, Sanford. "The Albany Movement and James Meredith at Ole Miss " The Civil Rights Movement. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging, Print.
Forner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. "SNCC." History.com. A&E Television Networks, Web. 18 May 2015.

36. By: Allison Murphy & Jules Rushford
Gay Rights Movement
By: Allison Murphy & Jules Rushford

37. What was the Gay Rights Movement?
Civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and transsexuals; seeks to eliminate unfair laws barring homosexual acts between consenting adults; and calls for an end to discrimination against gay men and lesbians in employment, housing, public accommodations, and other areas of life.
Illinois was the first state to pass a bill that decriminalized homosexual acts between two consenting adults in private.
What was the Gay Rights Movement?

38. How was the movement connected to American society?
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay, bisexual and or transgender people as a fixed class of people; a minority group or groups.
Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and equal opportunity, and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society. In arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity are innate and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian and bisexual people into heterosexuals are generally opposed by the LGBT community.
Such attempts are often based on religious beliefs that perceive gay, lesbian and bisexual activity as immoral.

39. Gay Rights and The Cold War
Migrations caused by two World Wars began to free more lesbians and gays to live as they pleased, but Cold War paranoia devastated gay lives, purging not just suspected communists but also “sexual perverts” from schools, government jobs, and the military.
Gay Rights and The Cold War

40. Transgender
In 1966 the worlds first transgender organization was founded in San Francisco
The National Transsexual Counseling Unit
The 1950s and 1960s saw some of the first transgender organizations and publications, but law and medicine did not respond favorably to growing awareness of transgender people.
The most famous American transgender person of the time was Christine Jorgenson who in 1952 became the first widely publicized person to have undergone a sex change creating worldwide sensation. However, she was denied a marriage license in when she attempted to marry a man, and her fiancee lost his job when his engagement to Christine became public knowledge.

41. Mental hospitals
In the 1940s, homosexuals were also involuntarily committed to psychiatric facilities by their families, with the hospitals promising that the patient would eventually leave the facility cured of their "sexual illness." Not only were they not allowed to leave, but they were often subjected to cruel and inhumane treatments, including castrations, torture drugs, shock therapy, and lobotomies.
In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association decided that Homosexuality could no longer be treated as a mental illness and no longer could be placed in a hospital for being gay.

42. Stonewall Riots
The Stonewall riots transform the Gay Rights Movement from one limited to a small number of activists into a widespread protest for equal rights and acceptance. Patrons of a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, the Stonewall Inn, fight back during a police raid on June 27, 1969, sparking three days of riots.
It quickly turned into a large protest all throughout NYC about equal rights.

43. Harvey Milk
Harvey was an American politician who became the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California.
When he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Politics and gay activism were not his early interests; he was not open about his homosexuality and did not participate in civic matters until around the age of 40, after his experiences in the counterculture of the 1960s.
He was assassinated on Nov. 27, 1978 by Dan White, another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back.

44. The LGBT March
The National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, held on October 14, 1979, was inspired in part by the assassination of Harvey Milk. The five issues the march supported included the end of anti-homosexual laws and a push for a ban on discrimination in the federal government based on sexual orientation. Thousands of people attended, and the event nationalized the movement for gay rights, which was previously fragmented and focused on problems in individual communities.

45. Critical thinking ?’s
Why was it a huge deal that Harvey Milk was elected to be City Supervisor? How did it have a positive and also negative impact on society?
Why was it important that the American Psychiatric Association remove homosexuality from the list of mental disorders?
How did the Stonewall Riots get peoples attention from all over the country?
What outcome did the LGBT March have on society? In what ways did it change?
As a whole how did this movement effect the everyday lives of Americans? Were some able to benefit from this drive?

46. Citations Infoplease. Infoplease. Web. 20 May 2015.
Gay Rights, Tina Kafka, 2006 Farmington Hills, MI
Gay Rights, Tricia Andryszewski, 2000 Brookfield, CT
“Gays and Lesbians” The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. Web. 21 May 2015.

48. By Sara Meredith & Evan Fair
Green Energy
By Sara Meredith & Evan Fair

49. The Green Revolution
Began in India (1961) and spread to USA in the late 60s.
It was a sequence of events involving research and development about new technologies to help make farming easier and better using pesticides and fertilizers.
It was lead by Norman Borlaug (The “father of the Green Revolution”)
Many criticized the movement, like Mark Dowie an American journalist.

50. Global Warming Introduced
1958- Maurice Ewing and William L. Donn create the Ewing-Donn Theory.
Claimed that if the thinning 6ft of ice covering the Arctic Ocean should melt, it would create the quintessential environment for glaciers to form.
Roger Revelle discovered that human produced CO2 will not be easily be absorbed by oceans.
Charles David Keeling- measured the amount of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere and saw an unusual rise.

51. Average CO2 Emissions Explained
The average person in Connecticut drives 11,595 miles per year in 2014.
In 1960 the average American drove 9,700 miles per year.
2014:
10(11,595(20)) = 2,319,000lbs
1960:
10(9,700(20)) = 1,940,000lbs
Average CO2 Emissions Explained
CO2 emissions are still effecting Climate Change today.
Through simple math equations, it is easy to discover how much CO2 gas each person emits.
10(20c)=total CO2 emissions per one car
Where c is the average miles one car drives per year.
10c=total CO2 emissions per one car
1.34e=total CO2 emissions per one home

52. Holy Cow!
That’s a lot of CO2 going into our atmosphere!

53. Examples Of Green Energy
Solar cells
Wind turbines
Hydro-electricity
Geothermal energy

54. Solar Cells
1953 – first silicon solar cell developed at Bell Laboratories
1958 – first US Satellite in orbit utilizes solar cells
1977 – formation of the Solar Energy Research Institute

55. Wind Power
1975 – Federal involvement in Wind Energy Development Advances wind energy technology

56. Hydro-electric Power
George Westinghouse was an American engineer and businessman who improved the supplying of hydroelectric power to consumers in the 1900s.

57. Geothermic Energy
1960 – first commercial scale geothermal electric plants in the USA built in California

58. Environmental Protest Power
In 1973, energy prices doubled roughly.
In the 1970s, environmental organizations set out to block the expansion of the San Onofre nuclear power plant to the rest of California.
In 1970, the United States reached the peak of it’s oil use (11 million barrels a day!).
April 26, 1986 – the largest nuclear accident ever takes place in Chernobyl.

59. Biblo
Procon.org “Historical Timeline – Alternative Energy – ProCon.org” procon.org Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015 Naff, Clay Farris. Fueling the Future: Solar Power. Farmington Hills, MI Print Nagle, Jeanne. Living Green, New York, NY, The Rosen Publishing Group. Print. Rogers, Elizabeth and Thomas M. Kostigen, The Green Book. Three rivers press. New York, NY, Print. Egendorf, Laura K., Energy Alternatives, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, MI Print. Adair, Rick, Critical Perspectives on Politics and the Environment. The Rosen Publishing Group Inc New York, NY. Print. Taback, John. Wind and Water, Infobase Publishing, New York, NY. Facts on File Inc. Print. "How Many Miles Do Americans Drive Per Year?" LoveToKnow. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May < Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 20 May < "What We Know About Climate Change: 1950 to Now." Environmental Science Degree. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May climate-change-1950-to-now/.

61. Native American Movement
Period B
Carley Moyher

62. Timeline 1953: Termination and Relocation
1959: Native American Life in Alaska
1961: American Indian Chicago Conference
1968: American Indian Movement is founded
1968: The Indian Rights Act
1969: Alcatraz Island
1972: “The Trail of Broken Treaties”/The Twenty Points
1972: Bureau of Indian Affairs
1973: Wounded Knee
1973: Pine Ridge Reservation
1978: The Longest Walk

63. TERMINATION AND RELOCATION
1953: Congress issues a joint resolution declaring it to be the intent of Congress to free Indians “from federal supervision and control and from all disabilities and limitations specially applicable to Indians.”
When these termination laws went into effect, the federal government gave up its trusteeship of the Indians’ property, all federal services for Indians (education, healthcare, etc.) ceased, and the Indians were thrown upon their own resources and those of the states in which they lived
Many Indians were forced to move out of reservations and into urban cities because of the Relocation Act which was enacted due to the increasing rate of unemployment among Native Americans

64. Indians in Alaska
1959: legislation grants Alaska statehood and allows the state to select 103 million acres of federal land
They select commercially viable lands with little to no regard for the land use patterns already established by Alaska natives
Alaska natives file Indian Claims Commission land claims for most of the state
In 1966, they convinced the secretary of the interior to place a freeze on state land selections until land claims have been resolved
The Alaskan natives stopped the region’s largest economic project (Trans-Alaska Pipeline) dead in its tracks.

65. American Indian Chicago Conference
1961: more than 450 Indian delegates from 90 tribes met for a week and called for an end of the termination policy
Urged economic assistance to tribes with full Indian participation in development programs
Also called the American Indian Carter Convention
The conference occurred at a time when federal policy regarding the termination of tribal trust status seriously threatened the recognition of tribes by the federal government. 
provided support for the development of new inter-tribal organizations that helped to write the Declaration of Indian Purpose which was present to President John F. Kennedy and has helped to inform the federal government of the Native American view point regarding policy.

66. American Indian Movement
1968: three Anishinaabe, Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt, founded the AIM in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Many original members were urban Indians who had left the reservations to find work in cities
Patrolled the streets with cameras in a media-based assault on police brutality
believed that direct and militant confrontation with the US government was the only way to redress historical grievances and to gain contemporary civil rights

67. Map of Alcatraz Island
Golden Gate Bridge

68. Alcatraz Island
1969: seizure of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay by a group of young Indians called the “Indians of All Tribes”
They demanded that the Island should be turned into an Indian cultural and educational center
The government rejected these proposals but offered to make the island a national park with and Indian theme and Indian employees but the Indians didn’t accept
December 4, 1969: Alcatraz lost all electrical power and the GSA disconnected incoming phone calls
both the primary water main and the fuel line were leaking
July 8, 1970: President Nixon announced a new policy of "self-determination without termination" for Native Americans
June 11, 1971: a large force of federal marshals, GSA Special Forces, Coast Guard and FBI agents removed the final 15 from Alcatraz
they offered no resistance, and after 19 months and nine days, the occupation was over

69. “Trail of Broken Treaties” The Twenty Points
1972: Over 500 Indian activists traveled across the United States to Washington, DC where they planned to meet with BIA officials and to deliver a 20-point proposal for revamping the BIA and establishing a government commission to review treaty violations
guards at the BIA informed the tribal members that Bureau officials would not meet with them and threatened forcible removal from the premises, the activists began a week-long siege of the BIA building.
FBI classified AIM as "an extremist organization" and added the names of its leaders to the list of "key extremists" in the US.
In the flurry of media excitement at radical protests, the conceptual foundations of Indian demands, written in The Twenty Points, was lost
The BIA finally agreed to review the 20 demands and to provide funds to transport the activists back to their home

70. Occupation of Wounded Knee
February 27, 1973: national activists from the American Indian Movement and local Oglala Lakota people seized the trading post and Catholic Church in the reservation town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota
Shortly after, the activists were besieged by hundreds of federal agents carrying the latest military equipment
Reporters viewed the takeover in the context of the civil rights and anti-war struggles of the late 60s
Driven by widely differing objectives, the old-line Indian politicians and the new radical-traditional alliance were on a collision course that finally exploded at Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee was a 1960’s style between angry Indians and federal authorities
However, there was a more subtle conflict between Indian people who believed in working “outside the system” and those who had found success working within it

71. Pine Ridge Reservation SHOOTOUT
1973: At Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, two FBI agents were shot and killed by a band of Indian militants
Trouble began when some of the Indians kidnapped two young whites, but released them a few hours later
Leonard Peltier was convicted and sentenced for life on a charge of first degree murder in the shooting of Jack R. Coler and Ronald A. Williams

72. The Longest walk
1978: AIM-led spiritual walk across the country to support tribal sovereignty and bring attention to pieces of anti-Indian legislation
 AIM believed that the proposed legislation would have abolished Indian Treaties, quantified and limited water rights, etc. 
July 15, 1978: "The Longest Walk” entered Washington D.C. with several thousand Indians and a number of non-Indian supporters
traditional elders led them to the Washington Monument, where a Sacred Pipe carried across the country was smoke
over the following week, they held rallies at various sites to address issues: the pieces of legislation, American Indian political prisoners, forced relocation at Big Mountain, the Navajo Nation, etc.
The US Congress voted against a proposed bill to abolish treaties with Indian Nations
During the week after the activists arrived, Congress passed the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which allowed them the use of peyote in worship.
President Jimmy Carter refused to meet with representatives of The Longest Walk

73. Other key points
President Johnson wrote a special message to Congress on the problems of the American Indian, “The Forgotten American,” in March 1968, in which the President proposed, “a new goal for our Indian programs: a goal that ends the old debate about ‘termination’ of Indian programs and stresses self-determination
Asked for more funds for Indian programs and created a White House based National council on Indian Opportunity to coordinate efforts for Indian welfare
1960s ended with a remarkable instance of the strange interplay between recognition of the equality of Indians in American society and simultaneous recognition of Indian autonomy and self-determination that has become the hallmark of modern Indian-white relations

74. Bibliography
%20National%20Park%20Service/AR7415-D.jpg
"Alcatraz Is Not an Island." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 22 May <
"An Account of the Leonard Peltier Trial." An Account of the Leonard Peltier Trial. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May <
Indian Voices: The Native American Today. San Francisco: Published for the American Indian Historical Society by the Indian Historian, Print.
Josephy, Alvin M., David Hurst. Thomas, Jay Miller, Richard White, Peter Nabokov, Philip Joseph. Deloria, Betty Ballantine, and Ian Ballantine. The Native Americans: An Illustrated History. Atlanta: Turner Pub., Print.
"Native American Timeline of Events." Native American Timeline of Events. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May <
Waldman, Carl, and Molly Braun. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, NY: Facts on File, Print.

76. The women’s rights movement
By:
Gianna Rich and Jordan Chrispin

77. Who?
The second wave of feminism involved men and women aiming to gain gender equality in America
Radical women became known as feminists, strongly advocating social, political, legal, and economic rights for women equal to those of men.
Some engaged in militant direct action to stop the media’s objectification of women and the movement.
11 sit-in at the Ladies Hone Journal to liberate the media.

78. What?
The Women’s Rights Movement accelerated and became popular among mostly women and some men around the years that the counter-culture emerged.
Many turned radical, while others strongly opposed the movement
Most women wanted to break away from the barriers society put around them
The movement consisted of mainly women fighting the de jure and de facto segregation that they faced
Discrimination in the workplace and in public

79. When
Feminism did not disappear after the 70’s however
The first feminist movement occurred in the early 1900’s (1920’s)
When husbands and fathers went to war the wives and daughters had to step up
Most women took men’s jobs and had more influence on society
When the men returned however, most women gave up their jobs
The Second wave of feminism occurred in the 60’s and the hype lasted until the 70’s

80. Why?
The young generation began to rebel against the beliefs and traditions of the older generations, causing a generation gap
Women longed for more rights/ influence in society (politics, the workplace, at home)
Women, previous to the movement, had no laws to protect them against gender discrimination
Most women were denied jobs or given a lesser wage than men
Many were denied credit just for being female
Counter culture and the CR movement (race) sparked the Women’s Rights Movement
-These movements gave women the courage to stand up for themselves and taught them ways to do it (ie: sit- ins)
The Sexual Revolution influenced women to fight for the right of freedom over their bodies

81. How?
Women took violent and some violent actions to lobby for their rights and many organizations were created
NOW: (1966) The National Organization for Women
Held 300 charter members
Established the growing wave of feminist activism that ultimately lead to the Strike for Equality
Many NOW insurgents formed the feminists for equal participation
The younger branch of radical feminists figured that the root of the problem was the subjugation of women in relationships with men (their roles) and that it put limits on their opportunities outside of the home

82. How? (continued)
Brought about the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) which was first seen in the 1920’s, but was not passed then.
The Women’s Liberation Workshop culminated months of agitation by offering a strong resolution; declared that women were in a colonial relationship to men and must fight for their own independence
Title VII outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex and helped set up the EEOC (Equal Opportunities Commission)
Women filed suits against employers
The Commission on the Status of Women to examine workplace discrimination was established by Pres. Kennedy in 1961
Title IX of the Higher Education Act (72) banned gender segregation the education
The Equal Credit Opportunities Act (74) banned the denial of credit to women based on their gender
The Equal Pay Act of 63

83. Connection to American society
The workplaces of America reflects the impact of the movement
- 30% of women working in 1950 to 60% in 1960 and even more today
- Women’s wages have increased, although they remain slightly less than men’s (in most fields)
- Fields of medicine, law, and accounting have opened up majorly for women
- Many women during the second wave of feminism spoke out either for or against the movement
Gloria Steinam: A journalist who founded many political organizations to aid women in lobbying for equal rights
Above: Gloria Steinam

84. Connection to American society (continued)
Became the most famous leader for the movement in the 70’s
Phyllis Schafly: A lawyer and political organizer who first became relevant for her anticommunist views.
She later became very outspoken and recognized for opposing Women’s Rights, especially against the ERA saying it would cause women to be drafted into the military
Roe VS Wade: (1973) Established the right to legal abortions
Prior to this, most states outlawed abortion
awed abortion strongly
Right: Famous book on feminism by Betty Friedan (President of NOW)

85. Importance in regards to America during the cold war
The Cold War helped lead to the creation of the idea of the nuclear family and attempted to create American propaganda about familial roles through media and more. This related to the women’s rights movement through creating typical roles for women that not all women wanted or believed in. The nuclear family’s mother’s role included the stereotypical jobs such as not working at a job, staying at home, cleaning for the family as well as cooking and cleaning the home. During this movement, women aspired to leave propagandized ideas of a women’s role in America to pursue further education, better jobs, equal pay and more.

86. bibliography
Taylor, Alan, Peter Levy, and Randy Roberts. Prentice Hall US History. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008.
Burns, Stewart. Social Movements of the 1960s: Searching for Democracy. Boston: Twayne, 1990.
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