1. THE GULF WAR 1990-1991 BY: Nelam Bidja Cristina Mozumdar
Sarah Gonzalez

2. GULF WAR
The Gulf War is a war which occurred in the early 1990’s in response to Iraq invading Kuwait.
The gulf war is also known under other names, such as:
First Gulf War,
Gulf War I
The Iraq War
The Persian Gulf War

3. Causes of the Gulf War
The causes of the Gulf War actually started when Iraq was at war with Iran.
During this war Iran was not only attacking Iraq but also attacking oil tankers from Kuwait at sea too.
To support the ending of the war, Kuwait financially aided Iraq by lending the country 14 Billion US Dollars.
Iraq tried to convince Kuwait to dissolve the debt, since Iraq had done Kuwait a favor in the being of the war with Iran, Kuwait declined and this caused a rift between the two countries.
For a year they tried to resolve the financial situation but to no avail.

4. CONT’D
The next step was for Iraq to ask all OPEC members to reduce oil production so the price of crude oil would increase allowing Iraq to pay off the debt.
With the other countries in OPEC in support of Kuwait, it was agreed to do the opposite and asked to increase its quota by fifty percent, much to the dissatisfaction of Iraq.
Iraq then started alleging that Kuwait was drilling in a diagonal manner into Iraq Rumaila oil field territory over the border; meaning Kuwait was stealing Iraq‘s oil rather their own.
Saddam Hussein decided that he had no other option but military so he decided to station troops on the border of Iraq and Kuwait, and in early August invade Kuwait. As the Iraqi forces invaded and took over Kuwait they set fire to hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fields on the way.

5. CONT’D
After invading Kuwait the UN declared Iraq’s actions as invalid and economic sanctions were put in place. By November Iraq was still in control of Kuwait so the UN drew up Resolution 678 in which Iraq had until midnight on January 15th 1991 to leave otherwise military intervention could be used
On 16th January Iraqi forces were still in Kuwait and a coalition force made up of 34 countries headed by America took up the challenge and started Operation Desert Storm which in turn ended up being the beginning of the Gulf War.

6. The quick reaction of the USA can be explained with Iraq being an ally with the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War.
This was something that had irked the Americans for a while.

7. Participants of the Gulf War
United States
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
Egypt
France
Syria
Morocco
Kuwait
Oman
Pakistan
Canada
United Arab, Emirates Qatar Bangladesh, Italy, Netherlands Niger Sweden Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium Poland South Korea Czechoslovakia Greece Denmark New Zealand Hungary Norway and Iraq

8. Technologies
Gulf War involved the most advanced mix of technologies ever used in air warfare some of them included:
Aircraft system ( usage of bombs were made)
Ground system
Munitions
Space system

9. Battles Participants Dates Result
Battle of 73 Easting Iraq, USA, UK 26 February 1991
Battle of Al Busayyah USA, Iraq February 26, 1991
Battle if Khatiji USA, Saudi Arabia, UK UKUK
Battle of Medina Ridge
Battle of Norfolk
Battle of Phase Line Bullet Iraq, USA
Battle of Wadi Al
Batin
BBBare
Syria, UK, USA
Bravo Two Zero Highway of Death USA, Iraq, Palestine 26–27 February 1991
Invasion of Kuwait Iraq, Kuwait

10. Effects and Results of the Gulf War of 1990-1991
The U.S. and its allies won a quick victory of the Gulf War
Many of the middle east nation wanted to have no further business between the U.S which included no more oil trade and other businesses.

11. Peace settlement
There has not been a official treaty to end the Gulf War but were several UN Security Council Resolutions.
Within hours of the invasion, Kuwaiti and US delegations requested a meeting of the UN Security Council, which passed Resolution 66, condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops.
On August 3, the Arab League passed its own resolution demanding a withdrawal.
The resolution also called for a solution to the conflict from within the League, and warned against foreign intervention.
On August 6, the Security Council passed Resolution 661, placing economic sanctions on Iraq.

13. Changes and Issues
Iraq and Saddam spent money they didn’t have for the war, so they borrowed it from their "good buddies" the Kuwaitis and the Saudi's.
In the meantime, the Iranian regular army was not doing so well, and the Revolutionary Guard took control of the war.
Once the war ground to a halt, Saddam found out he had no money to pay Kuwaitis back , and the Kuwaitis wanted their money back.

14. CONT’D
When Saddam said he couldn't pay, the Kuwaitis started drilling under the boarder, taking Iraqi oil.
Saddam got really upset , and he invaded Kuwait
and the Gulf War arose

15. Gulf War ( )
U.S. Casualties: 147 battle deaths, 145 non-battle deaths, 1 missing in action
Army: 98 battle; 105 non-battle
Navy 5 battle; 8 non-battle; 1 missing in action
Marines: 24 battle; 26 non-battle
Air Force: 20 battle; 6 non-battle
Women killed, 15Wounded in action: 467

16. WAR SYNDROME
Nov. 18 that concluded an illness suffered by veterans exposed to certain toxins during the war is real.
The government previously did not consider the illness a physical condition separate from:
shock
war stress, as a syndrome.

17. The Home Front: Economic Impact Social Impact
Changes in the Role & Status of Women
Resistance & Revolutionary Movements

18. Economic Impact: The war was short (AUG 2,1990-FEB 28,1991)
Many Countries formed the coalition of the desert shield and contributed financially (such as): Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States itself.
Although they did not contribute any forces, Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively

19. Social Impact:
The Gulf war was the first war to be broadcasted on a large scale in America (CNN)
The public generally supported Operation Desert Storm. (shortness and success)
George Bush experienced his highest ratings ever, perhaps the highest of any U.S. President in history in the aftermath of the Gulf War.

20. Social Impact (Cont’d):
Casualties: United States: 148 killed in action, 458 wounded, and one Missing In Action (MIA). Also, 121 Americans died through non-combat incidents.
Iraq: Original figures listed 100,000 Iraqi military dead, but more recent estimates place Iraqi dead at 20,000 military and 2,300 civilian.

21. Social Impact (Cont’d):
Gulf War Syndrome:
Gulf War Syndrome: (ailments supposedly due to chemical and biological weapons during war)
Official Pentagon numbers(Americans involved in war): 697,000
45,000, about 6 percent of Gulf War veterans have reported an ailment they believe is linked to their service.
The Pentagon found that 85 percent had ailments or diseases with known causes not linked to the Gulf War.

22. Social Impact (Cont’d):
Gulf War Syndrome:
Symptoms (according to American Legion):  
Chronic Fatigue
Signs and symptoms involving skin (including skin rashes and unusual hair loss)
Headache
Muscle pain
Neurologic signs or symptoms (nervous system disorders which could manifest themselves in numbness in one's arm, for instance)
Neuropsychological signs or symptoms (including memory loss)
Signs or symptoms involving upper or lower respiratory system
Sleep disturbances
Gastrointestinal signs or symptoms (including recurrent diarrhea and constipation)
Cardiovascular signs or symptoms
Menstrual disorders

23. Changes in the Role of Women:
Prior to the Gulf War, women had little to no role in the army (WWI, WWII, Korean War, etc.)
"I didn't think women were supposed to get this close to the front lines," - Sergeant Barbato
The American public, watching the Persian Gulf war on television, got its first eyeful of American women in expanded military roles despite policies that technically restrict women to noncombat functions.
The 35,000 women among the 540,000 troops sent to the gulf generally get high marks for their performance. Women worked as military police staking out crossroad traffic points to show combat forces the way into Kuwait and Iraq, as helicopter pilots ferrying troops over Iraqi positions, and in other activities that exposed them to as much danger as the men. Five women were killed by hostile action; two were taken prisoner by the Iraqis and later released

24. Changes in the Role of Women (Cont’d):
Bringing about that change will mean changing the minds of some male officers, she said, a change that began in the gulf when men saw how well women handled their jobs. -Sgt. Sheri L. Barbato(an army records keeper)
Captain Barcalow, a member of the West Point class of 1976, the first to admit women, said: "As the military downsizes in the coming years, there will be a need to keep the best and the brightest, and women will need to be convinced they have the chance for future advancement. And that means combat arms cannot be closed to them."

25. Resistance & Revolutionary Movements:
Virtually None

26. Did you know? There were three Gulf Wars in the 20th & 21st Centuries:
1. Iran-Iraq War ( )
2. Operation Desert Storm (Jan/Feb 1991)
3. Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003- )