1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 May 2014Systems and Networking1

2. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Expected Course Outcome #Course OutcomeCoverage 1Explain the concepts that underlie modern computer architecture, its evolution, functions and organization.  2Identify the best organization of a computer for achieving the best performance when asked to make a selection from the current market.  3Demonstrate the flow of an instruction cycle. 4Differentiate types of memory components in terms of its technology and usage.  5Convert integer and floating point numbers to its internal data representation. 6Construct a series of computer instructions to perform low-level processor operations. 7Explain the RISC and CISC computers, and single core and multi-core computers  May2014Systems and Networking2

3. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 RISC New type processor architecture May 2014Systems and Networking3

4. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 RISC: Key Features Large number of registers or the use of a compiler that optimizes register usage A limited and simple instruction set Emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline May 2014Systems and Networking4

5. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Characteristic of Some CISCs, RISCs, and Superscalar Processors May 2014Systems and Networking5

6. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer Before RISC Cost of hardware drop, the relative cost of software rise More powerful and complex HLL been introduced The HLL allow the programmer to express algorithms more concisely May 2014Systems and Networking6

7. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer Problem: Semantic gap The different between the operations provided in HLLs and those provided in computer architecture Symptom;  Inefficient of execution  Excessive machine program size  Compiler complexity May 2014Systems and Networking7

8. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Intension of CISC Ease the task of the computer writer Improve execution efficiency because complex sequences of operations can be implemented in microcode Provide support for even more complex and sophisticated HLLs May 2014Systems and Networking8

9. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Importance of RISC Need simpler architecture to support HLL To understand the importance to have RISC  need to look at the instruction execution characteristics;  Operations performed = these determine the functions to be performed by the processor and its interaction with memory  Operands used = the types of operands and the frequency of their use determine the memory organization for storing them and the addressing modes for accessing them  Execution sequencing = this determines the control and pipeline organization. May 2014Systems and Networking9

10. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Importance of RISC (Cont.) Summary;  Need quick access to operands  There are large proportion of assignment statements in HLL program  Need register storage for faster computation May 2014Systems and Networking10

11. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Importance of RISC (Cont.) - Register Faster than main memory and cache Register file  Physically small, located on the same chip as the ALU and control unit and employ much shorter addresses than addresses for cache and memory May 2014Systems and Networking11

12. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Importance of RISC (Cont.) - Register Strategy: allow most frequently accessed operands to be kept in registers and to minimize register-memory operations in RISC machine  Software based  Hardware based May 2014Systems and Networking12

13. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Importance of RISC (Cont.) - Register Software Based Rely on the compiler to maximize register usage The compiler will attempt to allocate register to those variables that will be used the most in a given period Need to use a sophisticated program program-analysis algorithms Hardware Based Use more registers so that more variables can be held in registers for longer period of time May 2014Systems and Networking13

14. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Characteristic of RISC One instruction per cycle  A machine cycle is defined to be the time it takes to fetch two operands from registers  Perform an ALU operation  Store the result in a register RISC should not be complex as CISC Machine instructions can be hardwired Instruction operate faster Register-to-register operations  Most operation should be R-to-R with only simple LOAD and STORE operations accessing memory  This make the instruction set simple  CISC include memory-to-memory and mixed register /memory operations May 2014Systems and Networking14

15. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Characteristic of RISC (Cont.) Simple addressing modes  RISC used simple register addressing Simple instruction formats  Instruction length is fixed  The opcode are fixed  The benefit is that, opcode decoding and register operand accessing can occur simultaneously May 2014Systems and Networking15

16. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Additional Reference William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, 8th. Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., 2010 May2014Systems and Networking16

17. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 May2014Systems and Networking17 This teaching material is belongs to Systems and Networking Department College of Information Technology Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) Malaysia 2014