1. The Smart Grid Power Quality Power Reliability Terry Chandler Power Quality Inc, USA Power Quality Thailand LTD Sept 2011 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 1

2. SmartGrid A smart grid is neither a clearly defined single concept nor a single technology. Rather it is like a basket containing various combinations of balls. The context and the interpretation depend upon the user. A smart grid is neither a clearly defined single concept nor a single technology. Rather it is like a basket containing various combinations of balls. The context and the interpretation depend upon the user. Carnegie Mellon University USACarnegie Mellon University USA www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 2

3. Utility perspective Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a thing or a specific project. It is about how the utilities leverage technology to enhance their entire portfolio of business processes.” Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a thing or a specific project. It is about how the utilities leverage technology to enhance their entire portfolio of business processes.” www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 3

4. What is a Smart grid? “ Smart grid” generally refers to a class of technology people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by two-way communication technology and computer processing that has been used for decades in other industries. 4 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

5. Definitions A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. http://en.wikipedia.org A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. http://en.wikipedia.org Smart Grid is a new industry being built around the modernization of the electrical grid, green power generation and more efficient usage of electrical power. Smart Grid is a new industry being built around the modernization of the electrical grid, green power generation and more efficient usage of electrical power. Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug 2009Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug 2009 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 5

6. NIST SmartGrid Conceptual model www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 6

7. Why do we need SmartGrid? Improve efficiencies. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 7

8. SmartGrid changes and PQ Interconnects at multiple levels Interconnects at multiple levels Changes in the network in real time will affect many customers and network operations will become more complex. Changes in the network in real time will affect many customers and network operations will become more complex. These will require products to isolate the faults quickly and without network disruption. These will require products to isolate the faults quickly and without network disruption. Products that can predict failures before the happen or isolate before damage occurs will be in high demand. Products that can predict failures before the happen or isolate before damage occurs will be in high demand. 8 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

9. Why do we need SmartGrid? Improve reliability! Sept 8 th 2011 a Blackout occurred that affected 5 Million customers in SW USA. Sept 8 th 2011 a Blackout occurred that affected 5 Million customers in SW USA. It started at a 500KV substation in Yuma, AZIt started at a 500KV substation in Yuma, AZ It tripped the 500KV line serving San Diego, Ca and all the border communities in between.It tripped the 500KV line serving San Diego, Ca and all the border communities in between. This caused an overload on the remaining transmission line from Los Angles Area. It tripped.This caused an overload on the remaining transmission line from Los Angles Area. It tripped. This removed a large percentage of the load from the nuclear power station North of San Diego. It shut down two generatorsThis removed a large percentage of the load from the nuclear power station North of San Diego. It shut down two generators Blackout lasted from 6 hours to 24 hoursBlackout lasted from 6 hours to 24 hours www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 9

10. Approximate area of blackout 5 Million people, blackout for up to 12 hours. 5 Million people, blackout for up to 12 hours. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 10

11. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 11

12. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 12

13. Blackout Sept 8 th San Diego Ca. USA (Cause?) The Arizona Public Service Co. worker was switching out a capacitor, which controls voltage levels, outside Yuma, Ariz., near the California border. Shortly after, a section of a major regional transmission line failed The Arizona Public Service Co. worker was switching out a capacitor, which controls voltage levels, outside Yuma, Ariz., near the California border. Shortly after, a section of a major regional transmission line failed www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 13

14. Cost of reliability for this outage $100 million $ = 3 Billion Thai Baht $100 million $ = 3 Billion Thai Baht www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 14

15. Could the SmartGrid have prevented this Massive Blackout? Yes, (if not prevented it could have reduced the impact and dramatically improved the restoration time) Yes, (if not prevented it could have reduced the impact and dramatically improved the restoration time) How? Communication! How? Communication! between the loss of transmission line and automatic load shedding.between the loss of transmission line and automatic load shedding. between the North Transmission line and Nuclear generators that the load would be restored quickly.between the North Transmission line and Nuclear generators that the load would be restored quickly. Communication to users that power would be restored quickly.Communication to users that power would be restored quickly. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 15

16. What is Power Quality? The characteristics of the supply voltage and the electrical system that affect the performance of the load The characteristics of the supply voltage and the electrical system that affect the performance of the load The characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads.. The characteristics of the load that affect the electrical system or other loads.. Terry Chandler PQI 1995Terry Chandler PQI 1995 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 16

17. June of 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy list for Smart Grid 1 Optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency. 1 Optimize asset utilization and operating efficiency. 2 Accommodate all generation and storage options. (Green) 2 Accommodate all generation and storage options. (Green) 3 Provide power quality for the range of needs in a digital economy. 3 Provide power quality for the range of needs in a digital economy. 4 Improve reliability (outage seconds/minutes) 4 Improve reliability (outage seconds/minutes) www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 17 Power reliability = outage > than 2 seconds PQ = the value of voltage and other parameters

18. PQ/PR issues for Utility side As Bill Howe presented, in general improving reliability decreases the Quality of Supply. As Bill Howe presented, in general improving reliability decreases the Quality of Supply. Voltage sags increase due to network connectionsVoltage sags increase due to network connections Harmonics will change when switching sourcesHarmonics will change when switching sources Voltage transients Voltage transients Lightning (better protection)Lightning (better protection) Switching grid will increaseSwitching grid will increase Power Factor Capacitor switching IncreasePower Factor Capacitor switching Increase Voltage unbalance, change as source changes Voltage unbalance, change as source changes Frequency? worse if microgrids are islanded Frequency? worse if microgrids are islanded Phase shifts maybe more frequent when switching sources Phase shifts maybe more frequent when switching sources www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 18

19. Event Avoidance to improve PR/PQ Remote load profiling/management Remote load profiling/management Automatic Grid event diagnostics Automatic Grid event diagnostics Advanced data analysis Advanced data analysis Grid condition sensing and predictive response Grid condition sensing and predictive response www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 19

20. Self-Healing Grid (improve PR) Improved asset management/visibility Improved asset management/visibility Real-time grid condition monitoring Real-time grid condition monitoring Increase reliability, increase information aIncrease reliability, increase information a Automated grid switching to improve reliability and reduce risk of major blackouts. Automated grid switching to improve reliability and reduce risk of major blackouts. It will decrease the Quality of Supply by increasing the number of switching transientsIt will decrease the Quality of Supply by increasing the number of switching transients www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 20

21. Self healing grid Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid Transformer load management, near real time Transformer load management, near real time Condition-based crew dispatching with Automatic Fault locating Condition-based crew dispatching with Automatic Fault locating www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 21

22. Advanced Meter Infrastructure Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors & PQMS Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors & PQMS Meter with load connect/disconnect Meter with load connect/disconnect Automatic outage notification Automatic outage notification Two-way communications with meters Two-way communications with meters Automated meters a critical role in the Smart Grid architecture as sensing devices. Automated meters a critical role in the Smart Grid architecture as sensing devices. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 22

23. Today’s Grid vs Smart Grid www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 23

24. Compare the reliability www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 24 Fixed line telephony

25. How will Smart Grid affect Power Quality Frequent switching of the grid will Frequent switching of the grid will Significant increase of switching transients (until solid state switching devices are used)Significant increase of switching transients (until solid state switching devices are used) Sensitive loads will experience an increase in transients Sensitive loads will experience an increase in transients Voltage imbalance/unbalance will change with switching alternate sourcesVoltage imbalance/unbalance will change with switching alternate sources www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 25

26. Harmonics affected by Smart Grid Voltage Harmonic levels Voltage Harmonic levels Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic load current and the source impedance.Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic load current and the source impedance. As the SmartGrid switches between sources it will change the source impedance. This will cause the Voltage distortion level to change when the Grid Switches. As the SmartGrid switches between sources it will change the source impedance. This will cause the Voltage distortion level to change when the Grid Switches. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 26

27. SmartGrid and voltage sags Interconnection of distribution substations Interconnection of distribution substations Increases voltage sags incidents at that voltage level. Increases voltage sags incidents at that voltage level. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 27

28. PQ changes with SmartGrid www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 28

29. Conclusions Short term affects As the grid changes from Hierarchal to network configuration the voltage sag incident will increase. As the grid changes from Hierarchal to network configuration the voltage sag incident will increase. The Voltage harmonics will change frequently as the source impedance changes when the SmartGrid switching. The Voltage harmonics will change frequently as the source impedance changes when the SmartGrid switching. Voltage waveform transients will occur during the switching and can be sever if the new source is at a different phase angle than the existing source. Voltage waveform transients will occur during the switching and can be sever if the new source is at a different phase angle than the existing source. www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 29

30. Conclusions Long Term GridSwitching will become more sophisticated to switch only at zero crossing and when in phase. GridSwitching will become more sophisticated to switch only at zero crossing and when in phase. Network design will change to reduce voltage sag depth and duration. Network design will change to reduce voltage sag depth and duration. Short and medium term Power Quality will deteriorate Short and medium term Power Quality will deteriorate Long Term Power Quality should improve to existing levels or better Long Term Power Quality should improve to existing levels or better www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 30

31. References http://www.leonardo-energy.org/what- definition-smart-grid http://www.leonardo-energy.org/what- definition-smart-grid http://www.leonardo-energy.org/what- definition-smart-grid http://www.leonardo-energy.org/what- definition-smart-grid http://www.utilitiesproject.com http://www.utilitiesproject.com http://www.utilitiesproject.com http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/p ublish/article_177.html http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/p ublish/article_177.html http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/p ublish/article_177.html http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/p ublish/article_177.html www.Gridwise.org www.Gridwise.org www.Gridwise.org www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 31

32. Information sources for SmartGrid http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/ http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/ http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/ http://www.smartgrid.gov/ http://www.smartgrid.gov/ http://www.smartgrid.gov/ http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip- 072611-factsheet.cfm http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip- 072611-factsheet.cfm http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip- 072611-factsheet.cfm http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip- 072611-factsheet.cfm http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/Lea rnMore http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/Lea rnMore http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/Lea rnMore http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/Lea rnMore 32 www.powerquality.org all rights reserve

33. Thank You Terryc@powerquality.org Terryc@powerquality.org Terryc@powerquality.org Terryc@smartgridasia.us Terryc@smartgridasia.us Terryc@smartgridasia.us www.powerquality.org all rights reserve 33