1. In Fish bikesnobnyc.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html mercy-revolution.blogspot.com/2009/08/truta.html www.abouttilapia.com / http://batatatransgenica.wordpress.com/2008/06/12/sushi-nao-e-sashimi-2/ www.elize.com.tr/seabream_en.html Artur Leão nº40842 Cátia Santos nº29820 Filipa Gonçalves nº27874 Nuno Mendes nº29829

2.  Feed is the major cost in farmed fish production  Selective breeding is a potential tool for improving feed efficiency  To measure feed intake of individual fish using the X-ray method, all fish held in a tank are first fed with feed containing small radio-opaque glass beads. Kause et al, 2008

3.  Genetic improvement of feed efficiency is expected to be about three (rainbow trout) to eight-fold (European Whitefish) slower compared to the improvement of growth rate.  Feed efficiency can be indirectly improved by selecting on growth rate  Rapid growth is genetically related to improved feed efficiency  In Kause et al (2005),in four generations of selection in the rainbow trout breeding programme, growth rate has increased by ~28%  Feed efficiency is expected to have increased simultaneously by 8% as a correlated genetic response

4.  Selected line vs wild line (red sea bream Pagrus major ):  Selected line had higher feed intake and weight gain  Selected line converted feed less efficiently  Selected line had lower body protein content and body protein retention and higher body lipid content  Body energy content (kJ/g) was higher in the selected line  Conclusion : the selected line had higher feed intake and growth rate without improved feed efficiency

5.  MEBV (mean estimated breeding values)  Adjusting back to the original scale, for harvest weight, using the first method shown in Table 9, the responses were 6.64 (2.88/0.434) and 6.96 (3.02/0.434) percent, comparing the progeny of the 2002 with 2003

6.  After 3 generations:  estimated breeding values were 2.61+0.05 and 2.42+0.37 g per generation;  which is equivalent to a 40% improvement. Gall & Bakar, 2001 Body weight increase every generation

7.  Farmed salmon were over twice the size of wild salmon, whilst hybrids were intermediate;  Eggs of wild salmon were significantly lighter. Adapted from Glover et al (2009)

8.  Fish pasteurellosis ( Photobacterium damselae piscicida ) is an infectious disease that affects several fish species living in marine temperate waters;  Represents a serious health problem for the majority of intensive sea bream hatcheries, with 90–100% mortality during disease outbreaks;  Genetic profiles at nine microsatellite loci were obtained to calculate heritability for body lenght (0.38±0.07) and desease resistance (0.12±0.04 for days of survival post challenge);  Genetic correlation between body length and survival was positive and significant (r=0.61±0.16).

9.  Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a contagious viral disease affecting several fish species;  Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is affected during the hatchery period and as postsmolts shortly after transfer to seawater;  Method: survival rate to bath exposure;  Heritabilities to disease resistance were found to be in the range 0.17 to 0.45 for each year (1997 to 2005). Wetten et al 2007.

10.  Selection of Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) by weight at harvest over four generations;  Genetic evaluation model: ‘‘best linear unbiased predictor’’ (BLUP) for breeding values;  Inbreeding rate was greater in the even population (∆F=2.45% per generation) than the odd population (∆F=1.10% per generation). Gallardo et al (2004).  More inbreeding cause weight decrease in future generations ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ). Neira et al (2006a)

11. Amphilophus sp. www.lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news/details7.htm l www.lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news/details7.htm l Poecilia reticulata www.guppyfish-care.blogspot.com/ Amphiprion ocellaris www.reefforum.net

12.  Kolstada, K., H.E. Meuwissenb, T H.E., Gjerde, B., 2005. Efficient design for doing genetic studies of feed efficiency in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 247, 153– 158.  Kause, A., Quinton, C., Ruohonen, K., Koskela, J., 2008. Selection potential for feed effi ciency in farmed salmonids. Genetics & biodiversity, 20-21.  Glover, K. A., Otterå, H., Olsen, R. E., Slinde, E., Taranger, G. L., Skaala, Ø., 2009. A comparison of farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared under farming conditions. Aquaculture 286, 203–210.  Ogata, H. Y., Oku, H., Murai, T., 2002. Growth performance and macronutrient retention of offspring from wild and selected red sea bream (Pagrus major). Aquaculture 206, 279–287.  Wetten, M., Aasmundstad, T., Kjøglum, S., Storset, A., 2007. Genetic analysis of resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis in  Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 272, 111–117  Rezk, M. A., Ponzoni, R. W., Khaw, H. L., Kamel, E., Dawood, T., John, G., 2009. Selective breeding for increased body weight in a synthetic breed of Egyptian Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Response to selection and genetic parameters. Aquaculture 293,187–194.  Gall, G. A. E., Bakar, Y.,2002. Application of mixed-model techniques to fish breed improvement: analysis of breeding-value selection to increase 98-day body weight in tilapia. Aquaculture 212, 93– 113.  Gallardoa, J. A., García, X., Lhorenteb, J. P., Neiraa, R., 2004. Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of female reproductive traits in two populations of Coho salmon selected using BLUP predictors of breeding values. Aquaculture 234,111– 122.  Vieira, V. L. A., Norris, A., Johnston, I. A.,2007. Heritability of fibre number and size parameters and their genetic relationship to flesh quality traits in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 272S1, S100–S109  Antonello, J., Massault, C., Franch, R., Haley, C., Pellizzari, C., Bovo, G., Patarnello, T., Koning, D., Bargelloni, L., 2009. Estimates of heritability and genetic correlation for body length and resistance to fish pasteurellosis in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture 298, 29–35.