1. Flowers

2. Tulips

3. Semper Augustus Tulip

4. Current Broken Tulip

5. Queen of the Night Tulip

7. Wild Rose

8. Yellow rose – many “petals” are actually modified
sterile “petalloid” stamens

9. Helleborus – five separate carpels

10. Malus – crab apple – typical flower structure

11. Flower Shapes
regular/ radially symmetrical/actinmorphic - mirror images
irregular/bilaterally symmetrical /zygomorphic - only one mirror image - peas, mints

12. Flower Shapes
Regular/Actinomorphic
Irregular/Zygomorphic

13. Flower Sexuality, etc.
monoecious - separate flowers for male and female both on one plant – corn
dioecious - male and female plants are separate - separate sexes - gingko 
Perfect flower - flower has stamens and carpels – bisexual flowers 
Imperfect flower - lacks either stamens or carpels - will be staminate or carpellate (pistillate) 
Complete - has sepals, petals, stamens and carpels 
Incomplete - lacking one of the 4 main flower parts

14. Jatropha – monoecious but insect pollinated

15. Willows - Dioecious

16. Complete Flower

17. Incomplete Flower – Panic Grass

18. Inflorescence
Often flowers, especially small flowers, are gathered into a structure known as an inflorescence – an aggregation of flowers on a single flowering branch
Bract - more or less modified leaf that subtends flower or inflorescence- bract can look like normal leaf
Bract can also look like petal - petaloid

19. Dogwood with petalloid leafy bracts

20. Types of Inflorescence
1. Racemous or indeterminant - youngest flower at apex - in theory could produce flowers forever - some may by fruiting while apex still flowering - include - racemes, panicle, spike, corymb, head, umbel, catkin
2. Cymose or determinant - oldest flowers at apex - moving down younger flowers - cyme, scorpiod cyme

21. Larkspur inflorescence – a raceme

22. Wild parsnip – umbel inflorescence

23. Sunflower –
Composite head
inflorescence

24. Borage Inflorescence – A scorpiod cyme

25. Skunk cabbage inflorescence – with spathe and spadix

27. Pollination syndromes
among the phloxes

28. Beetle Pollination
Several modern plant species are pollinated largely or exclusively by beetles - beetles were probably the first important group of insect pollinators
Beetle flowers - large, borne singly - Magnolia, some lilies, California poppies, and wild roses
or small and in inflorescence - dogwood, elders, parsley
Beetles have quite a well-developed sense of smell and their flowers are often quite odoriferous - fruity, spicy or foul odors such as from fermentation
Flowers often white or dully colored
Often produce large amounts of pollen, some produce a little nectar, beetles chew directly on petals of some

29. Magnolia – beetle pollinated

30. Bee and Wasp Pollination
Most important group of flower pollinators
Bees and wasps have mouthparts, body hairs and other appendages that allow them to efficiently collect and carry pollen and nectar
20,000 species of bees - most pollinate flowers
Bees highly visual - don’t see red, but do see ultraviolet as a color
Bee flowers - typically have showy, brightly colored petals, often blue or yellow - never pure red
Have patterns called nectar guides which direct bees to pollen and nectar - often in UV color
Nectaries usually at base of corolla tube, produce large amounts of nectar, concentrated nectar - up to 70% sugar
Petals often have landing platform for bees

31. Honeybee
covered with
pollen

32. Scotch broom – bee pollinated

33. Honeybee
pollinating
beebalm –
Monarda sp.

34. With visible light with UV light
Nectar guides for honeybees

35. Fly Pollination can flower during day or night
color highly variable, but will be purple-brown or greenish for carrion and dung flies
often very strong odors – smelling of decay for carrion flies
usually fairly open flowers, but some have deep traps to keep flies inside for a night
usually no reward but some provide pollen or nectar

36. Cyrtid fly
pollinating
a composite

37. Caralluma – carrion fly pollinated

38. Butterfly and Moth Pollination
Butterfly and moth flowers similar to bee flowers because moths and butterflies also guided to flowers by combination of sight and smell
Some butterflies can see red, so often have red or orange color for flower
Nectary is often at bottom of long, slender corolla tube or a nectar spur - only accessible to long sucking probocis of moths and butterflies
Nectar is copious, but not so concentrated - often 25% sugar
Moths are nocturnal so many of their flowers emit heavy fragrance at night, often pale or white in color - scent is sweet and penetrating

39. Erysimum – butterfly pollinated

40. Episcia – moth pollinated

41. Bird Pollination
Bird pollinated flowers produce copious, thin nectar - often about 25% sugar, often very high in sucrose - may actually drip with nectar
Usually have little odor because birds have poor sense of smell
Birds see red and bird pollinated flowers often very colorful with reds and yellows - red columbine, fuchsia, passion flower, hibicus, poinsettia, many cactus and orchids
The flowers are usually large or part of large inflorescence
Nectar usually held in long tubes that other animals can’t reach

42. Hummingbird pollination

43. Ipomopsis aggregata – hummingbird pollinated

44. Greater double-collared sunbird

45. Proteus – pollinated by perching birds

46. Bat Pollination
About 250 species of bat (25%) include some pollen, nectar or fruit in their diet - many pollinate flowers as part of their feeding
Bat flowers are similar to bird flowers - large, strong flower which produces copious nectar - Often dull colored because open at night - may only open at night
Often have very strong fermenting or fruitlike odors, may be musky odors too
Bat flowers often hang down below foliage to enable bats to easily get to the flower
Banana, mango, sisal and kapok flowers pollinated by bats

47. Bat pollination

48. Wind Pollination
Usually have dull colors, relatively odorless, do not produce nectar, petals small or absent, sexes often separated
Wind pollinated flowers are most common in temperate areas where large stands of single species of plant occur
With trees, wind pollination occurs in spring before leaves have emerged - usually have well exposed stamens to shed pollen to wind and stigma also exposed - often with feathery outgrowths to catch pollen
Often the plants have various mechanisms to promote out-crossing - separate sexes - dioecious - willows, poplars
unisexual flowers on same tree - monoecious - oaks, birches
Self-incompatible - grasses
Flowers are typically small, have single ovule per flower - however have many flowers borne in inflorescences and multiple inflorescences

49. Box elder – wind pollinated – female left, male right

50. Wild oats –
Whole plant

51. Wild oat flower – close up

52. Cottonwood Catkins
Male
Female