1. SIDE CAM NAMES 1-RAMY EBRAHEM ABDEL RAHMAN 2-MAHMOUD AHMED ABDEL RAOUF
3-MOHAMED MAGD ALDEEN MOHAMED
4-MAHMOUD LOTFY ELHADY
5-ADEL REFAT ABD ELQADER
6-AHMED MOHAMED ESAM
SUPERVISED BY/
PROF.DR./SAAD ABDELHAMEED

2. Single Overhead Cam (OHC)/(SOHC)
Single cam mounted in head.
Opens both intake and exhaust valves.
One cam on an inline engine and two cams on a vee engine.

3. Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)
Camshafts mounted in cylinder head.
One cam opens intake valves and one opens exhaust valves.
Often used with 4 valves per cylinder.
Most high performance of all types.
Vee engines have 4 cams.

4. DOHC

5. Overhead Valve Engines
Has valves in cylinder head increasing compression.
Camshaft still in block.
Uses lifters, pushrods and rocker arms.
Most common head design until 1990’s.

6. Camshafts Opens the valves at the right time.
Actually converts rotary motion to reciprocating motion.
Uses a cam lobe for each valve.
Usually made of cast iron.
Has a great effect on engine performance.
Can be given auxiliary functions like running the oil pump or distributor.

7. CAMSHAFT CONSTRUCTION
Cam lobes
Camshaft thrust plate
Cam bearings
Cam housing and cam cover

8. Patent Figures

9. Cam Lobe Terminology Heel as known as the base circle.
Nose is the tip of the lobe which determines cam lift.
Opening and closing flanks and ramps.
Timing points are where the cam starts to open and close the valve.

10. Cam Lobe Lift The distance the valve is pushed open.
It is determined by the height of the lobe.

11. Cam Duration This chart is in degrees of crankshaft rotation.
Note when the valves open and close and on which strokes. This is the duration.
It’s not what it may seem to be!

12. Camshaft Drives Gear on gear Gear and chain Belt and notched pulley
Cam gear ALWAYS is twice as large as the crank gear, this makes the cam turn at ½ the speed of the crank.

13. Gear to Gear Drive Simplest drive system.
Reliable and strong but noisy.
Reverses Direction of Power 2 times
CW>CCW>CW

14. Gear and Chain Drive Quieter the gear types.
Allows cam to be further away from crankshaft.

15. Timing Belt Used primarily on overhead cam engines.
Uses a kevlar belt.
(police vests)
Can snap or stretch causing catastrophic damage to non-free running engines.
Chains remain more popular with engine makers.

16. Pushrods
Metal rod which transfers force from the lifter to the rocker arm.

17. Push Rod
The push rod is used to control the opening and closing of the valve. The push rod is controlled by the cam shaft. As the rod is pushed up by the lob on the cam shaft, the push rod forces the rocker arm to open the valve into the combustion chamber. The push rod is used in engines where the camshaft is located in the block of the engine.

18. VALVE LIFTERS
Solid Lifters
Roller Lifters
Hydraulic Lifters
Followers

19. Valve Lifter or Tappet
May be solid, roller, or hydraulic
The lifter follows the cam lobes and pushes on the pushrod
Solid and roller lifters require adjustable rocker arms
Hydraulic type lifters fill with oil and lengthen to compensate for any clearances in the valve system

20. SOLID LIFTERS

21. ROLLER LIFTERS

22. HYDRAULIC LIFTERS

23. FOLLOWERS ohc

24. Rocker Arms
Rocker arms are made of stamped steel, cast iron or aluminum.
They transmit the force of the pushrod to the valve.
Some have adjusters.

25. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Rocker Arms
Transmits the lifting force from the cam to the valve.

26. Rocker Arms
Roller- Stamped
Adjuster
Cast
Pivot
Stamped

27. Wear on faces & push rod sockets
Rocker arms
Wear on faces & push rod sockets
Wear in adjusting screws
Stamped rockers cannot be refaced
Forged, cast, & fabricated rockers can be refaced
Fig 9-32, 9-33

28. Materials Component Material Yield Strength (GPa)
Base Plate, Cylinder Head
Aluminum Alloy 296 69
Camshaft, Fulcrums, Rocker Arms, Tappets, Tappet Guides
Cast Iron (ASTM 60)
150
Rocker Arm Supports, Rocker Arm Pins
1020 Steel
200

29. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valves

30. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valves
Fuel/air mixture enters the cylinders through the intake valve.
Burned gases are expelled through the exhaust valve.
Mushroom or tulip type depending on shape.

31. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction

32. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Construction
Intake valves, because of lower operating temperatures, can be made of chrome-nickel steel.
Exhaust valves are made of exotic metals such as inconel, silicon-chromium or cobalt-chromium alloys.

33. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Construction
Head
Face
Neck
Tip
Stem

34. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Construction
Valve head has ground face which forms a seal against the ground valve seat in the cylinder head.
Valve face ground to an angle of either 30° or 45°.
Valve face made more durable by the application of stellite (an alloy of cobalt and chromium).

35. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Construction
Valve stem acts as a pilot for the valve head and rides in the valve guide.
Surface-hardened to resist wear.
Some stems are hollow and partially filled with metallic sodium.

36. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Construction
The neck is the part that forms the junction between the head and the stem.
The tip is hardened to with stand the hammering of the valve rocker arm.

37. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Construction
Machined groove near tip receives the split-ring keys which form a lock ring to hold the valve spring retaining washer.

38. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve-Operating Mechanism
Each valve must open at the proper time, stay open for the required length of time, and close at the proper time.
Timing of the valves is controlled by the valve-operating mechanism.

39. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve-Operating Mechanism
Intake valves open just before the piston reaches top dead center, and exhaust valves remain open after top dead center.
At this particular instant both valves are open at the same time (end of the exhaust stroke and beginning of the intake stroke).
This valve overlap results in better volumetric efficiency and lower operating temperatures.

40. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve-Operating Mechanism (Opposed engine)

41. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve-Operating Mechanism
(Radial engine)

42. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Springs
Function is to
close the valve
and to hold the
valve securely
on the valve
seat.

43. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Valve Springs
Two or more springs used to eliminate spring vibration or surging during different engine speeds.
Held in place by split locks installed in the recess of the valve spring upper retainer washer.

44. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Bearings

45. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Bearings
Any surface which supports, or is supported by, another surface.
Composed of material that is strong enough to withstand the pressure imposed on it.
Permit the other surface to move with a minimum of friction and wear.
Lubricated bearings.

46. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Bearings
Three types of lubricated bearings used:
Plain Bearings
Ball Bearings
Roller Bearings
Bearings are required to take radial loads, thrust loads, and a combination of the two.

47. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Plain Bearings
Used for crankshaft, cam ring, camshaft, connecting rods, and accessory drive shaft.
Subjected to radial
loads.
Made of nonferrous
metals.

48. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Ball Bearings
Used in supercharger impeller shaft bearings and rocker arm bearings.
Special deep groove ball bearings are used in some aircraft engines to transmit propeller thrust to the engines nose section.

49. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction
Roller Bearings
Straight roller bearings used where the bearing is subjected to radial loads only.
Tapered roller bearings used where bearing is subjected to both radial and thrust loads.