1. Lymphatic System Lecture #2

3. Lymph nodes Round bean-shaped structures found at certain points along lymphatic vessels Round bean-shaped structures found at certain points along lymphatic vessels A fibrous capsule divided into nodules containing sinuses (open spaces) filled with macrophages and lymphocytes. A fibrous capsule divided into nodules containing sinuses (open spaces) filled with macrophages and lymphocytes. Two distinct regions: cortex & medulla Two distinct regions: cortex & medulla As lymph passes through the sinuses in the nodules it is cleansed of infectious organisms and debris As lymph passes through the sinuses in the nodules it is cleansed of infectious organisms and debris

4. Lymph node

5. Function of Lymph Nodes 2 basic functions 2 basic functions 1. Filtration – macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris 2. Immune system activation – monitor for antigens and mount attack against them!

6. Thymus and its function Located in lower neck behind sternum, just above the heart Located in lower neck behind sternum, just above the heart Bilobed organ that secretes 2 hormones: Bilobed organ that secretes 2 hormones: 1. Thymosin 2. Thymopoietin These cause certain lymphocytes to mature and become active in body defense

8. Thymus cont’d Size and activity level vary with age: Size and activity level vary with age: 1. Largest and most active during childhood 2. Stops growing during adolescence and slowly starts to shrink 3. May disappear entirely in old age – replaced by fibrous fatty tissue

9. Spleen and its functions Upper left abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm (fist-sized) Upper left abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm (fist-sized) Similar structure to a lymph node: outer connective tissue divides it into sinus- containing lobules BUT in the spleen sinuses are filled with blood NOT lymph Similar structure to a lymph node: outer connective tissue divides it into sinus- containing lobules BUT in the spleen sinuses are filled with blood NOT lymph –Blood reservoir if needed in times of low pressure or extra oxygen is required

11. Spleen and its functions cont’d Spleen lobules contain red pulp and white pulp Spleen lobules contain red pulp and white pulp Red pulp – rbc, lymphocytes and macrophages Red pulp – rbc, lymphocytes and macrophages White pulp – contains only lymphocytes and macrophages White pulp – contains only lymphocytes and macrophages Fxns: purify blood that passes through spleen Fxns: purify blood that passes through spleen

12. Spleen’s 2 main functions Quality control of circulating rbc by removing old damaged ones – cleansed blood stored in red pulp Quality control of circulating rbc by removing old damaged ones – cleansed blood stored in red pulp Helps fight infection – white pulp – primarily lymphocytes Helps fight infection – white pulp – primarily lymphocytes

13. Other spleen functions Stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse Stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse –Spleen macrophages salvage and store iron for later use by bone marrow Stores blood platelets Stores blood platelets

14. Remember This! Spleen cleanses the blood Spleen cleanses the blood Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph Together they keep circulating body fluids relatively free of damaged cells and microorganisms Together they keep circulating body fluids relatively free of damaged cells and microorganisms

15. Red Bone Marrow Origin of all blood cells red & white Origin of all blood cells red & white –Present in skull, sternum, ribs clavicle, pelvis & spinal column & ends of femur & humerus White bc function in immunity White bc function in immunity 5 types – 13.4 on page 255 5 types – 13.4 on page 255

17. Chief lymphatic cells & function T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens –T for thymus origin –B for bone origin (red marrow) T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in the thymus (along trachea atop heart) and are “tested” if they react against “self” they die, if they have potential to attack foreign cells they leave the thymus T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in the thymus (along trachea atop heart) and are “tested” if they react against “self” they die, if they have potential to attack foreign cells they leave the thymus

18. T cells cont’d Responsible for cell-mediated immunity Responsible for cell-mediated immunity –Depends on actions of several types of T cells –Antibodies are not produced, instead they directly attack foreign cells that carry antigens –Other T cells release proteins to coordinate other actions of the immune response: T cells, B cells and macrophages –Protects against parasites, bacteria, fungi, cancerous cells – anything “foreign”

19. Chief lymphatic cells & function cont’d B lymphocytes (B cells) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity B lymphocytes (B cells) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity –B cells produce antibodies – proteins that bind with and neutralize specific antigens Growing within the bone marrow B cells develop unique surface receptors that allow them to recognize specific antigens Growing within the bone marrow B cells develop unique surface receptors that allow them to recognize specific antigens –Protects against viruses, bacteria and foreign molecules soluble in blood and lymph