1. Multi Phase Flow Measurement
By S.Manickarajan

2. What is Multi Phase Flow Meter ?
If the measurement fluid consists of more than one phase, the multiphase flow meter comes in present
Examples
Product fluids such as crude oil from wells
Steam and condensate flow 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3. Why Multi Phase Flow Meter is required?
Water breakthrough detection
Gas coning detection
Gas lift optimisation
Other optimisation considerations can be made for chemical injection (e.g. methanol, demulsifier, etc.)
Custody transfer measurements for production fluid are the basis for money transfer, either between company and government or between two companies. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4. Water coning or Water breakthrough detection
When a layer of water under the oil layer channeling into the oil accumulation, it is called water breakthrough or water coning phenomena
Heterogeneous reservoir without inflow control evidences early water breakthrough. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5. Gas coning or Gas breakthrough detection
When a part of gas above the oil layer channeling into the oil accumulation, it is called Gas breakthrough or Gas coning phenomena
Heterogeneous reservoir without inflow control evidences early gas breakthrough. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6. Improving Lift Efficiency4 4 4 4 4 4 4

7. Why Methanol Chemical Injection?
In order to avoid costly downtime due to freeze-ups of deep water well systems , chemicals such as Methanol are injected into each well as a preventive countermeasure.
The methanol Injection shall be decided by observing the water cut profile over a period for early identification of frozen of water 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

8. Types of Multi Phase Flow Meter
Separator based MPFM
In line MPFM 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

9. Multi Phase Flow Meter -Separator Method
Principle
The flow rates of well fluids have been measured by separating the phases by separators
Measuring the outputs of the separated fluids by conventional single-phase techniques
e.g., orifice plates for gas and turbine meters for oil. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

10. Multi Phase Flow Meter -Separator Method
Constraints
Accuracy depends on separation efficiency
Disadvantages
Bulk in Size
High Installation cost 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

11. In line MPFM
Principle
The volumetric flow rate Q =A (α vg + β vw +χ vo)
where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Since α + β + χ = 1, only two of the phase fractions (usually gas void fraction α and water fraction β) need to be measured.
Q =A {α vg + β vw +[1- (α + β)] vo }
with five independent measurements required to determine the total volumetric Flow rate of the mixture.
The mass flow rate M of the three-phase mixture is given by
M =A {α vg Dg + β vw Dw +[1- (α + β)] vo Do }
with eight independent measurements required to determine the total mass Flow rate of the mixture. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

12. In line MPFM
Block Diagram 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

13. Challenges in In line MPFM
Volume fractions of the individual phases are dynamic and varying in patterns 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

14. Challenges in In line MPFM
Significant variation in the PVT properties leads to water at different phases 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

15. Challenges in In line MPFM
Salinity changes the density of water 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

16. Challenges in In line MPFM
Velocities of individual phases are different due to different in viscosities 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

17. Component volume fraction measurements
Capacitance
Conductance 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

18. Component volume fraction measurements
Single/Multiple gamma ray Absorption 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

19. Component volume fraction measurements
Microwave Propagation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

20. Velocity measurements
Cross correlation techniques
Acoustic attenuation
Coriolis device
Dual Venturi
Positive displacement device 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

21. Cross-Correlation Techniques
Assume that the phases fractions pattern remains unaltered as it travels between the sensors
The output signal generated by the downstream sensor will then be a time-delayed replica of the upstream sensor's output. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

22. Acoustic Speckle Cross-Correlation Techniques4 4 4 4 4 4 4

23. Principle of Coriolis flow meter for 2 Phase Measurement at MPT - Aishwarya PLR
When an oscillating excitation force is applied to the tube causing it to vibrate; the tube will vibrate at its natural frequency which depends upon the linear density.
With the measurement of the vibrating frequency, density of the fluid stream can be accurately obtained.
The fluid flowing through the tube will induce a rotation or twist which is directly affected by the mass passing through the tube. Hence mass flow rate shall be measured. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

24. Principle of Coriolis flow meter for 2 Phase Measurement at MPT - Aishwarya PLR
By conservation of Mass
MW + MO = ML
QW X DW + QO X DO = QL X DL
Where DL is density of total liquid measured by coriolisis meter
Do is density of oil to be configured
Dw is density of water to be configured
Let WC is the water cut, then
QL X WC X DW + QL X(1-WC) X DO = QL X DL
QL X WC X DW + QL X DO –WC X QL X DO = QL X DL
WC X DW + DO –WC X DO = DL
WC X DW–WC X DO = DL - DO
WC X ( DW– DO ) = DL – DO
WC = (DL – DO ) / ( DW– DO )
And hence
QW = WC X QL Where QL –Total Liquid Volume measured by Coriolisis
QO = (1-WC) QL 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

25. Principle of Coriolis flow meter for 3 Phase Measurement at MPT - Bhagyam PLR
Coriolis mass flow meter
Fluid mixture mass flow rate(Mt)
Fluid mixture density(Dt)
Fluid mixture volumetric flow rate(Qt)
Dual venturi meter
To measure Gas fraction (α)
Agar OW-200 water cut meter
Water Concentration in fluid mixture
Agar ID-201 interface detector
Determine Water Continuous or Oil Continuous
Pressure transmitters
P0 - Inlet Pressure of MPFM
P1 - DP across coriolisis
P2 - DP across higher range throat
P3,P6 - DP across lower range throat
P4 - DP across dual venturi to
measure viscous loss
P5 - DP across MPFM P4 P3 P6 P2 P5 P1 P0

26. Principle of Coriolis flow meter for 3 Phase Measurement at MPT - Bhagyam PLR
When an oscillating excitation force is applied to the tube causing it to vibrate; the tube will vibrate at its natural frequency which depends upon the linear density.
With the measurement of the vibrating frequency, density of the fluid stream can be accurately obtained.
The fluid flowing through the tube will induce a rotation or twist which is directly affected by the mass passing through the tube. Hence mass flow rate shall be measured. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

27. Dual venturi meter By conservation of Mass M1=M2
Applying Bernoulli’s Theorem for Ventury 1&2
δ1dp1=δ2dp2
V1/V2=δ1dp1/δ2dp2
V2/V1=δ2dp2/δ1dp1
V1=Vo1+Vw1+Vg1 and V2=Vo2+Vw2+Vg2
At 1 and 2 Water volume will not change since water is assumed as non-compressible
Vw2=Vw1
Vo2=Vo1-(ε)Dp*Vo1
Where ε is shrinkage factor of oil as gas in
the oil is liberated
Vg2=(Vg1*Cg* dp)+(δRs*Vo1)
where δRs is the volume of the gas liberated
by oil per unit volume and
Cg is expansion co-efficient of gas
dp1
dp2 D1 d1 D2 d2

28. Dual venturi meter Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 Dual Venturi Meter
Water fraction requires two sensors 30a,30b.
30a measures permittivity when oil or gas forms continuous phase.
30b measures effective resistivity when the water forms a continuous phase
Fig.2
Dual Venturi Meter with Choke
Fig.3
Dual Venturi Meter but Water Fraction Sensors at 2nd venturi out

29. Component volume fraction measurements
Microwave Propagation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

30. Agar ID-201 interface detector
A radiofrequency signal is provided by the electronic control and radiated by an antenna.
Water in the interface absorbs the radiated energy due to its conductive nature, but hydrocarbon will not.
The amount of absorbed energy is measured by the electronic control and a 4-20mA is generated proportionally to that absorption.

31. Principle of Agar MPFM

32. Calculation in Agar MPFM
QT = MT/ DT , Where MT Mass flow rate of Gas and Liquid mixture and
DT Density of Gas and Liquid mixture are
Measured by Coriolisis Meter
By conservation of Mass
ML MG = MT
QL X DL + QG X DG = QTX DT Where DL is density of liquid (Oil & Water)
DG is density of gas
(1- α ) X QT X DL + α X QT X DG = QTX DT
(1- α ) X QT X DL + α X QT X DG = QT X DT
(1- α ) X DL + α X DG = DT
DL - α X DL + α X DG = DT
α X (DG – DL ) = DT – DL
α = (DT – DL ) / ( DG– DL )
MW + MO = ML
QW X DW + QO X DO = QL X DL Where Do is density of oil to be configured
Dw is density of water to be configured
Let CW is the water cut, then
QL X CW X DW + QL X(1- CW) X DO = QL X DL
QL X CW X DW + QL X DO –CWC X QL X DO = QL X DL
QL X CW X DW + QL X DO –CW X QL X DO = QL X DL
CW X DW + DO –CW X DO = DL
DL = CW X (DW –DO ) + DO
α = (DT– DO – CW X (DW –DO )) / ( DG– DO – CW X (DW –DO )) α = (DT– DO – CW X (DW –DO )) / ( DG– DO ) as CW X (DW –DO ) in Numerator negligible 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

33. Calculation in Agar MPFM
Qt = Mt / Dt , Where Mt Mass flow rate of Gas and Liquid mixture and
Dt Density of Gas and Liquid mixture are
Measured by Coriolisis Meter
(Dt-Do)-Cw(Dw-Do) is calculated as gas void fraction from Dual Venturi
α = Diff.Pressure , Pressure and Temperature Transmitters
(Dg-Do)
Qg = α Qt ,
Ql = (1-α) Qt Where Ql is Calculated Liquid Volumetric flow rate
wc = (1-α) Cw Where Cw is Water concentration measured by Water cut meter OW200
Qw = wc Ql Where wc is Calculated Water cut from above
Qo = (1-wc) Ql Where Qo is Calculated Oil Volumetric flow rate 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

34. Calculation in Agar MPFM4 4 4 4 4 4 4

35. MPFM installed in Mangala & Aishwarya
Make
Model
Location
AGAR
MPFM-50
Bhagyam Header Line
Schlumberger
Phase watcher VX
MPT and Aishwarya Wellpads test header
Haimo
MFM-2100/M-3
MPT Wellpads test header
Emerson
Model 3700
Aishwarya PLR
: : 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

36. Commercial Inline MPFM
Manufacturer
Meter
Phase concentration measurement
Phase velocity measurement
Agar Corporation Inc.
MPFM 50
Microwave
Coriolis
Aker Solutions ASA
DUET
Dual energy gamma
Cross correlation
Jiskoot Quality Systems
Mixmeter
Pressure drop across an in-line mixer
MEDENG Ltd
MD 04
Flow modelling from primary sensor output signals
Multi Phase Meters AS
MPM
Single energy gamma/high frequency electromagnetic waves
Venturi
Neftemer Ltd
Multi energy gamma
Analysis of primary sensor output signal
Petroleum Software Ltd
ESMER 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

37. Commercial Inline MPFM
Manufacturer
Meter
Phase concentration measurement
Phase velocity measurement
Pietro Fiorentini S.p.A.
Flowatch 3I
Impedance
Cross correlation/Venturi
Flowatch HS
Single energy gamma/impedance
Roxar Flow Measurement
MPFM 2600
MPFM 2600 Gamma
Subsea MPFM
MPFM 1900VI
MPFM 1900VI Non-gamma
Schlumberger Ltd
Phasewatcher
Dual energy gamma
Venturi
Phasetester
TEA Sistemi S.p.A
LYRA 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

38. References
M.J. Berger, J. H. Hubbel et al., XCOM Photon Cross Section Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Hans R E van Maanen, Shell Global Solutions, Measurement of the Liquid Water Flow Rate Using Microwave Sensors in Wet-Gas Meters: Not As Simple As You Might Think, North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop 2008.
J.P. Couput, G. Salque, P. Gajan, A. Strzelecki, J.L. Fabre, New Correction Method For Wet Gas Flow Metering Based on Two Phase Flow Modelling: Validation on Industrial Air/Oil/Water Tests at Low And High Pressure, North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop 2007.
R. de Leeuw, Liquid Correction of Venturi meter Reading in Wet Gas Flow, North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop 1997
M. van Werven, H. R. E. van Maanen Modelling Wet Gas Annular/Dispersed Flow Through a Venturi AIChE Journal , June 2003, Vol. 409, No. 6
A Wee, H Berentsen, V.R. Midttveit, H. Moestue, H.O. Hide, Tomography powered multiphase and wetgas meter providing measurements used for fiscal metering, North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop 2007.
Handbook of Multiphase Flow Metering, Rev. 2, March 2005, Tekna
MPM Meter Qualification – MPM White Paper No. 4
Water Salinity Measurement & Auto Configuration – MPM White Paper No. 2
A.Wee, I. M. Skjældal, Ø. L. Bø, Multiphase metering with early detection of changes in water salinity – Americas Workshop, 2009
Ø. L. Bø, A. Wee, I.M. Skjældal, Tomography powered 3-phase flow metering in the wet gas regine, 8th International South East Hydrocarbon Flow Measurement Workshop, March 2009
MPM Droplet Count, MPM White Paper No. 7
United States Patent for Dual Venturi Multiphase flow meter. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

39. ANY QUESTIONS? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4