1. Circ/Resp Design Lab due Wed 10/31 Cool equipment!Cool equipment! Spirometers ( 2 sensors; 2 manual)Spirometers ( 2 sensors; 2 manual) Respiration rate sensors (2)Respiration rate sensors (2) EKG sensors (2)EKG sensors (2) Blood pressure and pulse machines (2)Blood pressure and pulse machines (2) Clear your TOPIC & Check out equipment/manual—BEFORE DESIGN!Clear your TOPIC & Check out equipment/manual—BEFORE DESIGN!

5. 11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting. Vessel broken  blood escapes, skin often broken (pathogens allowed to enter body)Vessel broken  blood escapes, skin often broken (pathogens allowed to enter body) Response to seal off the area (prevent blood loss & pathogen entry)Response to seal off the area (prevent blood loss & pathogen entry) Damaged cells release chemicals to stimulate platelets to adhere to damaged areaDamaged cells release chemicals to stimulate platelets to adhere to damaged area Other platelets in blood stick to those pltlts, etcOther platelets in blood stick to those pltlts, etc Platelets in blood (cell fragments)Platelets in blood (cell fragments) Form in bone marrow also (w/RBC, WBC)Form in bone marrow also (w/RBC, WBC) 1 lg cell breaks, each fragment = pltlet1 lg cell breaks, each fragment = pltlet No nucleus, lifespan 8-10 daysNo nucleus, lifespan 8-10 days Damaged tissue & platelets release chemicals “clotting factors” to convert prothrombin  thrombinDamaged tissue & platelets release chemicals “clotting factors” to convert prothrombin  thrombin 2 Plasma proteins present in blood, inactive until bleeding “activates”—2 Plasma proteins present in blood, inactive until bleeding “activates”— Prothrombin  thrombin, active enzyme, catalyzes conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrinProthrombin  thrombin, active enzyme, catalyzes conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin Fibrinogen  fibrin, fibrous protein, forms mesh network to stabilize platelet plug  stable clotFibrinogen  fibrin, fibrous protein, forms mesh network to stabilize platelet plug  stable clot Flow chart, Heinemann, p. 284Flow chart, Heinemann, p. 284

7. 11.1.2Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity. Challenge & responseChallenge & response Imm sys challenged by AG during 1 st infection to develop immunityImm sys challenged by AG during 1 st infection to develop immunity Response = Macrophages, B cells, helper T cells in actionResponse = Macrophages, B cells, helper T cells in action Clonal selectionClonal selection ID of WBCs that can help w/specific pathogen, multiple mitotic divisions to increase its #s rapidlyID of WBCs that can help w/specific pathogen, multiple mitotic divisions to increase its #s rapidly Memory cellsMemory cells Provide long-term immunityProvide long-term immunity Must be exposed to pathogen/AG once to produce these cells, have TRUE immunity to itMust be exposed to pathogen/AG once to produce these cells, have TRUE immunity to it

8. 11.1.3Define active and passive immunity. Up until now = active immunity (you make memory cells, etc)Up until now = active immunity (you make memory cells, etc) Passive = 1 organism acquires AB that were produced in another organismPassive = 1 organism acquires AB that were produced in another organism Organism that produces the AB gains the memory cells & full immunityOrganism that produces the AB gains the memory cells & full immunity ExamplesExamples Mom transfers AB to fetus thru placenta; memory cells not transferred; only short-term protectionMom transfers AB to fetus thru placenta; memory cells not transferred; only short-term protection Mom  baby thru breast milk; late in pregnancy/few days after birth, mom produces colostrum—low in fat, high in antibody concentrationMom  baby thru breast milk; late in pregnancy/few days after birth, mom produces colostrum—low in fat, high in antibody concentration Injection of AB in antisera: antivenoms for snake bites, etc. (extract venom from animal, inject small qty into another animal, “antibody factory” to make antiserum for us.Injection of AB in antisera: antivenoms for snake bites, etc. (extract venom from animal, inject small qty into another animal, “antibody factory” to make antiserum for us.

10. OVERALL IMMUNE RESPONSE: Macrophage engulfs pathogen, digests part of itMacrophage engulfs pathogen, digests part of it Molecular pieces of it put @ outside of cell: AG presentationMolecular pieces of it put @ outside of cell: AG presentation Helper T cells chemically recognize the AG and become activated,Helper T cells chemically recognize the AG and become activated, Turn imm response from non-specific to specific, b/c now know ID of AGTurn imm response from non-specific to specific, b/c now know ID of AG Helper Ts activate specific Bs able to produce the specific ABHelper Ts activate specific Bs able to produce the specific AB Activated Bs clone (mitosis)Activated Bs clone (mitosis) AB-secreting plasma cellsAB-secreting plasma cells Immediately help fight off primary infectionImmediately help fight off primary infection Memory cellsMemory cells Don’t secrete AB @ 1 st infection; long-lived, circulate in b’stream for a secondary infectionDon’t secrete AB @ 1 st infection; long-lived, circulate in b’stream for a secondary infection

11. 11.1.4Explain antibody production. See 6.3.6 and “overall” slideSee 6.3.6 and “overall” slide Primary imm response = polyclonal responsePrimary imm response = polyclonal response Pathogen recognized as many AGs, not just one, so diff kinds of B cells activated for clonal selection, etc.Pathogen recognized as many AGs, not just one, so diff kinds of B cells activated for clonal selection, etc.

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15. 11.1.5Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment. Research method to produce lots of copies of ONE type of ABResearch method to produce lots of copies of ONE type of AB Inject a specific AG into mouseInject a specific AG into mouse Time  primary immune response (polyclonal)Time  primary immune response (polyclonal) Spleen harvested to get cellsSpleen harvested to get cells Some of WBCs cloned for AG will be in spleenSome of WBCs cloned for AG will be in spleen B cells kept alive by fusing w/cancerous (myeloma) cells  a hybridoma cellB cells kept alive by fusing w/cancerous (myeloma) cells  a hybridoma cell Produce AB, long-livedProduce AB, long-lived Isolate hybridomas from non-hybrid (B cells, myeloma cells)Isolate hybridomas from non-hybrid (B cells, myeloma cells) Individual hybridoma cells cultured and tested for AB production (ELISA—enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)Individual hybridoma cells cultured and tested for AB production (ELISA—enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) ID which cells produce the desired ABID which cells produce the desired AB Cultured for a long time b/c cancer cells: “immortal” in suitable envtCultured for a long time b/c cancer cells: “immortal” in suitable envt

16. 11.1.5Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment. DiagnosisDiagnosis Pregnancy testsPregnancy tests HCG-human chorionic gonadotropinHCG-human chorionic gonadotropin Produced by embryo (hormone)Produced by embryo (hormone) Small amt in pregnant woman’s bloodstream/urineSmall amt in pregnant woman’s bloodstream/urine Hybridomas: inject mouse w/HCG; B cells will produce AB that recognize HCG as AGHybridomas: inject mouse w/HCG; B cells will produce AB that recognize HCG as AG Anti-HCG AB bound to enzyme that catalyzes color change when encounters HCG molecules...textbook’s animation!Anti-HCG AB bound to enzyme that catalyzes color change when encounters HCG molecules...textbook’s animation!textbook’s animationtextbook’s animation TreatmentTreatment

17. 11.1.5Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment. TreatmentTreatment Cancer cells produce cancer-cell specific AGs on cell membranesCancer cells produce cancer-cell specific AGs on cell membranes May be able to produce monoclonal AB to target cancer-cell AGsMay be able to produce monoclonal AB to target cancer-cell AGs Monoclonal AB could carry a toxin specific to this cancer cell, or a radioisotope for pin-point radiation therapyMonoclonal AB could carry a toxin specific to this cancer cell, or a radioisotope for pin-point radiation therapy **target cancer cell directly, so less toxin/radiation needed

21. 11.1.6Explain the principle of vaccination. Vaccine acts as first exposure to pathogenVaccine acts as first exposure to pathogen Weaken the pathogen, inject into bodyWeaken the pathogen, inject into body Weak strain of pathogenWeak strain of pathogen Heat-”kill” pathogenHeat-”kill” pathogen Chemically treat pathogenChemically treat pathogen WBCs still recognize it as pathogen (non-self), primary imm responseWBCs still recognize it as pathogen (non-self), primary imm response Memory B cells formMemory B cells form If later infected by real pathogen, secondary response is quicker and more intense than primaryIf later infected by real pathogen, secondary response is quicker and more intense than primary Mild symptoms or maybe none!Mild symptoms or maybe none! GRAPH--GRAPH--

22. 11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination. Smallpox vacc program—WHO (World Health Organization)—has eliminated disease from human popSmallpox vacc program—WHO (World Health Organization)—has eliminated disease from human pop Demon in the Freezer, Richard PrestonDemon in the Freezer, Richard Preston

23. BenefitDanger Possible total elimination of disease. (has occurred w/smallpox; many believe it’s possible for polio and measles) Before 1999, many vacc contained thimerosal (Hg-based preservative). Hg = neurotoxin, infants & young children particularly susceptible Decrease in spread of epidemics (localized infections) and pandemics (worldwide infections). Increased INTL travel made it more imp! Infection begun on 1 side of world could be on other side of world in less than a day. Perception exists that multiple vaccs given to kids in relatively short pd of time may overload their immune system. Preventative medicine’s typically most cost-effective approach to healthcare. Cost of vacc programs small compared to costs of treating many preventable diseases. Anecdotal evidence suggested that MMR vacc may have link to onset of autism. Clinical studies haven’t supported it. Each vacc’d individual benefits b/c full symptoms of disease don’t have to be experienced in order to gain immunity. Cases reported of vacc leading to allergic reactions and autoimmune responses