1. Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers
MSE 460/560
Doug Loy
Chemistry
Physics
Applications
Properties
Processing

2. Major Functions of Polymers
Adhesives
Barriers
superglue
Polyethylene landfill
Garbage bags
Sarah wrap
epoxies
polyethylene
polyesters
Structural components
Insulation
Polyurethane foam
Styrofoam
Polyethylene wire coatings
Bakelite (phenol-formaldehyde)
PPMA or PC
transparent sheets
Molded ABS or HIPS

3. COURSE WEBSITE:
Loy group website, courses, MSE 460/560

4. Office Hours Old Chemistry 309 M 12-1 pm, W 7 F 2-3 pm
or by appointment

5. Textbook:
Yes, you will need it.
Read Chapter 1

6. Grading Three exams: 300 pts Final: 200 pts HWK: 150 pts
Research Paper: pts
Graduates (MSE 560)
Oral Presentation: 100 pts
Drop lowest 100 point score
Undergraduates: pts possible
Graduates: pts possible
First exam before drop date

7. Homework Assignments will be on D2L
Not up yet but should be by Monday.

8. Course Objectives
1) Recognize (structure and acronym) and name commodity thermoplastics: acrylics, polystyrene, ABS, PVC, PETG, CAB, HDPE, LDPE, PP, poly(methylpentane), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate 2) Recognize (structure and acronym) and name engineering thermoplastics: polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, thermoplastic urethane, nylons, acetal, PET, PBT, UHMW-PE, PEG, PPG 3) Recognize (structure and acronym) and name high performance thermoplastics: polysulfones, polyetherimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, teflon, polyphenylene sulfide, PEEK 4) Recognize (structure and acronym) and name imide thermoplastics: PI, PBI, PAI 5) Recognize and name thermosets: epoxies, polyesters, acrylics 6) Recognize and name elastomers: diene polymers, fluoro elastomers, polysiloxanes 7) Know how to identify polymers in field or in lab. 8) Know how to characterize polymer molecular weight and how it affects properties 9) Know how to characterize thermomechanical properties 10) Know the phase behavior of polymers (glass transition temperature, melting point) and how mechanical properties change 11) Know degradation pathways and propensities of major polymer types 12) Understand polymer solubility as a function of molecular weight, crosslinking and crystallinity. 13)  Understand polymer-polymer phase segregation and how it can be used to make superior materials. 14) Understand the origins of adhesive properties of polymers. 15) Understand how to measure the mechanical properties of polymers and how they compare to other materials (including some idea of the properties of classes of polymers and common polymers). 16) Understand the advantages and disadvantages of using polymers. 17) Understand how polymers are processed and shaped. 18) Understand time dependent processes in polymers.

9. How to succeed in MSE 460/560 Read the Chapter ahead of lectures
Come to class
Start paper early
Study groups
Practice exams (new ones will be written).
Don’t cheat, plagiarize, or otherwise participate in un-ethical behavior
Use office hours
Ask questions
Think skeptically

10. Thinking skeptically Don’t trust anyone (particularly anyone over 30)
If it doesn’t make sense,
ask questions.
Beware of trusting
experts and textbooks
• Acquaint yourself with logic and logical fallacies

11. Research Paper Review of literature topic I provide
Graduates can petition to present topic relating to research or oral.
> 10 pages, double spaced, times roman font, typed + graphics.
JACS style bibliography
Hard and electronic copy
Must be readable on Mac (your responsibility)
Keyword list
Literature search
One draft due during semester
You will edit each others drafts (for HWK assign)

12. Research Paper Topics & Assignments
polysilsesquioxane photoresists
polysilsesquioxane membranes for separations
polysilsesquioxane membranes for fuel cells and batteries
polysilsesquioxane anti-corrosion coatings
optical application of polysilsesquioxanes
polysilsesquioxane particles
surfactant templating polysilsesquioxanes (organosilica, PMO's)
Composites with polysilsesquioxanes
polysilsesquioxane coupling agents in tires
polysilsesquioxanes for supported enzymes
mechanical properties of polysilsesquioxanes
polysilsesquioxane ceramic precursors
bridged polysilsesquioxane since 2010
polysilsesquioxane for stone conservation
polysilsesquioxanes for shrink-fit plastics
polysilsesquioxane ladder polymers
Fluorescent polysilsesquioxanes
Degradation of polysilsesquioxanes
polysilsesquioxane adsorbents for toxic metals
polysilsesquioxane adsorbents for volatile organics
drug delivery with polysilsesquioxanes
polysilsesquioxane low k dielectrics
Polysilsesquioxanes in cosmetics

13. Oral Presentations Graduate students only
20 minute presentations (two per day)
Everyone must attend & compose one exam question for each presentation
Last two weeks of class
100 points

14. HWK 1-Due January 20th
DSL
Some figures will be at website in HWK section as pdfs.
Draft of research paper will count as a homework assignment.

15. MSE 460/560 Today’s Logic Lesson:Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
"After this, therefore because of this."
Correlation does not equate with causation
“I ate sushi yesterday, I became sick today, therefore the sushi made me ill.”

16. Polymers are everywhere
PVC
PVC
Transportation
PSty
Polyester
PES
Food
Packaging
Electronics
PVC
Polyisoprene PP
Clothing
Medical
Supplies
Construction
Nylon
SAN
Manufactured
Goods PC

17. We use a lot of polymers.
1012 bags/year!!

18. What are polymers? Poly = many & meros = parts (Greek)
Macromolecules = large molecules
polyethylene
ethylene
A nomenclature exists to describe polymers

19. What are polymers?
Contour length: 38.5
nm or microns or mm
106 Dalton polyethylene (35.7K monomers) = 5.5 microns or mm in length

20. Length of DNA Each DNA polymer = 5 centimeters
DNA (3 billion base pairs) = 2.3 meters long/cell
Total length of DNA in a human: 2 x 1013 meters

21. Engineering with Polymers
Polymers provide a low density structural alternative for some applications
Are relatively easy to process into numerous forms
Provide a high volume, often improved replacement for materials derived from living organisms.
Possess unique properties
They are often relatively
inexpensive.
Styrofoam ®

22. YOUNG’S MODULI: COMPARISON
Graphite
Ceramics
Semicond
Metals
Alloys
Composites
/fibers
Polymers
E(GPa)
Based on data in Table B2,
Callister 6e.
Composite data based on
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
carbon (CFRE),
aramid (AFRE), or
glass (GFRE)
fibers. 13

23. YIELD STRENGTH: COMPARISON
Room T values
Based on data in Table B4,
Callister 6e.
a = annealed
hr = hot rolled
ag = aged
cd = cold drawn
cw = cold worked
qt = quenched & tempered 17

24. Why use polymers Easy to process Cheap Lightweight Tough Flexible
Injection molding (thermoplastics)
Mold or reaction injection molding (thermosets)
Cheap
Lightweight
Tough
Flexible
Transparent (sometimes)
Insulating (generally)

25. How do we classify polymers?
By origin
Physical behavior
Structure/Architecture
Application/function
Polymerization mechanism
Polymerization chemistry
Cost

26. Origin of Polymers Biopolymers
Protein: horn, cartilage, hair, hide, ligaments, tusks
Composite structures: bone, shells
Plant materials:
Cellulose (cotton, sisal, hemp) fiber
lignin & cellulose (wood)
Chitan (insect & crustacean exoskeletons)

27. Synthetic Polymers Coal Petroleum Natural gas
Petroleum from petra oleum (rock oil)

28. Origins: Two Families of Polymers
Biological Polymers
Synthetic

29. Physical Behavior & Architecture
Thermoplastics
Elastomers
Thermosets
Polystyrene
Polyvinylchloride
Synthetic rubbers
Poly-cis-isoprene
Phenolic Resins
Melamines
epoxies

30. Source: R. Esfand, D. A. Tomalia, A. E. Beezer, J. C. Mitchell, M
Source: R. Esfand, D.A. Tomalia, A.E. Beezer, J.C. Mitchell, M. Hardy, C. Orford,
Polymer Preprints, 41 (2), 1324 (2000)

31. Applications/Function
Structural
Coatings
Fibers
Adhesives

32. Taxonomy by polymerization mechanism
Chain Growth Mechanism
•Free radical
•Anionic
•Cationic
•Ring opening
metathesis
Step growth
•Condensation
•Metathesis
Free radical chain mechanism

33. Polymer Functionality
Vinyl Polymers
Polyethers
Polyarylenes
Polyesters
Polyamides
Polyureas
Polyurethanes
Polysiloxanes
Polycarbonates
Polysulfones
Polyimides
Polysulfides
Fluoropolymers
Polyionomers
Polyacetylenes

34. Polymer Functionality
Vinyl Polymers
Polyethers
Polyarylenes
Polyesters
Polyamides
Polyureas
Polyurethanes
Polysiloxanes
Polycarbonates
Polysulfones
Polyimides
Polysulfides
Fluoropolymers
Polyionomers
Polyacetylenes

35. Recycling symbols
Not recyclable

36. Cost: Commodity (Amorphous) Thermoplastics
Four high volume thermoplastics and applications:
Polyethylene (PE): Grocery bag, 55-gallon drum, lawn furniture
Polypropylene (PP): Washing machine agitator, carpet
Polyvinylchloride (PVC): Irrigation pipe, wire insulation
Polystyrene (PS): Toys, pipes, packing material (Styrofoam)
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polyvinylchloride
Low cost, temp. resistance and strength • Good dimensional stability
Bonds well • Typically, but not always, transparent

37. Some History: First there were Bio-Polymers
Animal Hides (Proteins): Fiber & Films
Ligaments (Collagen): Hinges
Silk Fibers (Protein): Fibers
Plant Fibers (Cellulose): Fibers
Bison-Hide teepee
Yucca-fiber sandals
Structural Materials: High Modulus & Strong
Wood (Cellulose & Lignin): S
Antlers (Keratin): Tools, jewelry & weapons
Horn (Keratin): Tools, jewelry & weapons
Tusks (enamel & dentin): Tools, jewelry & weapons
Ivory lunar cycle charts

38. Key Figures in Polymer History:
Invented vulcanization
of rubber in 1839
Elastomer:
50% of Rubber tires
Latex rubber gloves
Charles Goodyear
( )
Enabled commercialization of natural rubber

39. Gutta Percha William Montgomerie (1840’s) Thermoplastic:
Golf ball covers
Wire coating (until 1940’s)
Saw usefulness
of gutta percha
Gutta percha (GP), also known as balata, is a natural thermoplastic and is of fundamental importance in the history of the plastics industry.

40. History of Polymers Date 1868 1909 1919 1927 1929 1936 1938 1939
Material
Cellulose Nitrate
Phenol-Formaldehyde
Casein
Cellulose Acetate
Polyvinyl Chloride
Urea-Formaldehyde
Acrylic
Polyvinyl Acetate
Polystyrene or Styrene
Nylon (Polyamide)
Polyvinyl Butyrate
Polyvinylidene Chloride
Melamine-Formaldehyde
Example Use
Figurines
Electrical equipment
Beauty accessories
Cellophane package wrapping
Pipe, Synthetic Leather
Lighting fixtures, Plywood glue
Brush backs, displays
Synthetic flooring
Disposable utensils
Hosiery
Safety glass interlayer
Saran wrap
Countertops, Cabinets

41. History of Polymers Date 1942 1943 1947 1948 1954 1956 1957 1964
Material
Polyester
Polyethylene
Fluorocarbon
Silicone
Epoxy
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
Polyurethane or Urethane
Acetal
Polypropylene
Polycarbonate
Ionomer
Polyimide
Example Use
Clothing, Boat hulls
Milk Jugs
Industrial gaskets, Non-stick liners
Gaskets, Tubing, Utensils
Glues
Luggage
Foam cushions, Shoe soles, Wheels
Automotive parts, Toilet parts
Living hinges, Safety helmets
Water bottles, Eye protection
Golf balls, Skin packages
Gears

42. Nomenclature of Elastomers
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade name

43. Block Copolymers

44. Alternating Copolymers

45. Alternating Copolymers

46. Alternating Copolymers
Block Copolymers

47. Block & Alternating Copolymer

48. Nomenclature of Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade name

49. Nomenclature of Polyether Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC
PEG

50. Nomenclature of Polyether Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC
Delrin
Delrin

51. Nomenclature of Vinyl Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade Name

52. Nomenclature of Vinyl Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade Name

53. Tacticity: How groups are arranged along polymer
Isotactic and syndiotactic pack into lattices easier: crystalline

54. Tacticity: disubstituted monomers