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Horses
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Fast Facts Type: Mammal Diet: Herbivore
Size: Height at the shoulders, 30 to 69 in (76 to 175 cm) Weight:120 to 2,200 lbs (54 to 998 kg) Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man:
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History Asian nomads Culturally honored for heroics
4,000 years ago Culturally honored for heroics Only one domestic horse Around 400 specialized breeds All horses are grazers. Domestic and wild Feral Mustangs Wild gather in groups of 3-20 A stallion (mature male) leads the group, Mares and young foals Two yr colts are sent away by stallion
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Fun Fact The Przewalski's horse is the only truly wild horse whose ancestors were never domesticated. Ironically, this stocky, sturdy animal exists today only in captivity. The last wild Przewalski's horse was seen in Mongolia in 1968
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Vocab Ascarids Bay Equine
Parasites that can seriously compromise a horse’s health; roundworms that can lead to serious complications that may even lead to death. Bay Hair coat color of horses, characterized by a reddish brown body color with a black mane, tail, ear edges, and lower legs; most common coloring Equine Includes horses, donkeys, and zebras
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Vocab Equitation The art or practice of horse riding or horsemanship Frog Part of a horse's hoof, located on the underside, which should touch the ground if the horse is standing on soft footing
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Vocab Gelding Horsemanship
A castrated horse or other equine such as a donkey or a mule Horsemanship The art of riding horses (equitation)
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Vocab Mare Stallion Mustang An adult female horse or other equine
A male horse that has not been gelded (castrated) Mustang A free-roaming horse of the North American west that first descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish
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Vocab Bronco Colt Farrier
An untrained horse or one that habitually bucks. It may refer to a feral horse that has lived in the wild its entire life, but is also used to refer to domestic horses not yet fully trained to saddle Colt A male horse, under the age of four Farrier A specialist in equine hoof care Including the trimming and balancing of horses' hooves and the placing of shoes on their hooves
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Vocab Filly Foal Foaling
A young female horse too young to be called a mare Usually younger than four Foal An equine, particularly a horse, that is one year old or younger Foaling The act of giving birth; parturition
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Vocab Gait The various ways in which a horse can move, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans Tack Any of the various equipment and accessories worn by horses Saddles, stirrups, bridles, halters, reins, bits, harnesses, martingales, and breastplates Mule Offspring of a male donkey and a female horse
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Vocab Pleasure horse Stock horse
A privately kept horse maintained for pleasure or casual riding, rather than competition or work Stock horse A horse that is trained to herd livestock
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Breeds Canadian Developed in Canada
Influenced many other North American breeds, including the Morgan, American Saddlebred, and Standard bred Known for soundness, hardiness and endurance. They are willing horses and easy keepers.
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Breeds Irish Draught National horse breed of Ireland
Developed primarily for farm use Popular for crossing with Thoroughbreds and warm bloods Excel at the highest levels of eventing and show jumping.
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Breeds Arabian (Egyptian)
Distinctive head shape and high tail carriage One of the most easily recognizable breeds Versatile breed Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding One of the top ten most popular horse breeds in the world
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Breeds Andalusian War horse; prized for nobility Strongly built
Long, thick manes and tails Known for their intelligence, sensitivity and docility Originally used for Classical dressage Driving Bullfighting Stock horses Modern Andalusians are used for: Dressage Show jumping Movies, especially historical pictures and fantasy epics.
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Breeds Shire Draught horse Black, bay and grey Tall breed
Mares standing (64 inches) Stallions (68 inches) Enormous capacity for weight pulling World records for largest overall horse and tallest horse Popular for pulling brewery wagons
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Breeds Dole Trotter Subtype of the Dole Gudbrandsdal and a separate breed Considered a part of the Coldblood trotter type Smaller, faster horse used for harness racing Originally used as a pack horse Today, used mainly for agricultural purposes
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Breeds Nez Perce longer and leaner than the Quarter Horses
Lean runner's appearance Excel at long rides Compete well in endurance races Excellent jumpers Often "gaited," with a fast and smooth running walk. They "allow" people to ride them
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Breeds Hackney High-stepping gait Attractive choice for show work:
Harness Elegant carriages Extremely popular today as a show horse.
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Breeds Tinker (Gypsy Vanner) Come in a variety of colors
Predominantly are of piebald Many draft characteristics Heavy bone Abundant feathering on the lower legs. No exact known history
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Breeds Azteca Well-muscled horses May be any solid color
Known to compete in many western riding disciplines
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Breeds Falabella One of the smallest breeds of horse in the world
Rare breed, Only a few thousand in worldwide Miniature horse-NOT a pony Considered intelligent, easily trainable Can only be ridden by very small children Generally shown in-hand Can be taught to drive Jump obstacles up to 3 feet
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Breeds Finnish Both riding horse and draught horse influences
Agricultural and forestry work, harness racing, and riding Fastest and most versatile "coldblood" breed in the world Strong, versatile horse with pleasant disposition Breeds
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Breeds Pinto Coat color that consists of large patches of white and any other color Mot a "breed” Several competing color breed registries encourage the breeding of pinto-colored horses Visually and genetically distinct from spotting patterns characteristic of horses such as the Appaloosa
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Breeds Mongolian Largely unchanged since Genghis Khan
Horses, not ponies Mare's milk is processed airag Some are slaughtered for meat Serve as riding animals For the daily work of the nomads In horse racing.
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Breeds Thoroughbred Best known for its use in horse racing
Thoroughbred is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, Technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed. Considered "hot-blooded" horses Known for their agility, speed and spirit.
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Breeds Clydesdale Originally one of the smaller breeds of draught horses Now a tall breed Often bay in color Significant white markings Originally used for agriculture and haulage Still used for draught purposes today
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Breeds Westphalian Appealing, long-lined, correct riding
Bold, expansive, elastic gaits, Suitable for all types of riding due to temperament Pleasure riding and competitive in dressage and show jumping
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Breeds Barb Desert breed Generally possesses a fiery temperament
Great hardiness Stamina Generally possesses a fiery temperament Atypical sport-horse conformation Light riding horse
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Breeds Lusitano Any solid color
Generally gray, bay or chestnut Heavy muscling, intelligent and willing natures Agile and elevated movement Originally bred for war, dressage and bullfighting Bloodless bullfighting today
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Breeds Belgian Strongest and heaviest breed
Still used as working animals Popular as show horses, and pleasure riding horses. The Brabant and related breeds remaining in Belgium today are also desirable for horse meat, producing a tender meat that is considered a delicacy
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Breeds Palomino A coat color in horses
Gold coat and white mane and tail. Standard definition of a palomino is based on the coat color visible, not the underlying presence of the dilution gene.
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Breeds Mustang Free-roaming horse Often referred to as wild horses
Descended from once- domesticated horses Can be classified as feral horses. Very hardy
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Breeds Caspian Believed to be one of the oldest horse or pony breeds in the world Valued for their speed and ability to pull or carry heavy Known for their good temperaments and ‘horse-like’ personalities Excellent children's mounts Level pace, natural grace and balance Sensible but active, impressive in mounted games
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Breeds Quarter Horse excels at sprinting short distances
Name: ability to outdistance other breeds of horses in races of a quarter mile or less Most popular breed in the United States today Race horse; rodeos, horse shows and ranch horse Well-suited for: Reining Cutting Working cow horse barrel racing calf roping
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Breeds Percheron Well-muscled
Known for their intelligence and willingness to work Originally bred for use as war horses Used for pulling stage coaches Later for agriculture and hauling heavy goods
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Tack Saddle Stirrup Headgear Reins Bit Harness
Halter Bridle Reins Bit Harness Breastplates & martingales
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Saddles Attaches you to the horse
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Stirrup Attaches your foot to the horse
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Halter/Bridle Difference?
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Reins & Bit Control the horse
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Harness
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Harness Simplified:
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Breastplate & Martingale
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Cost?? Average tack cost: Saddle: $100-$5000 Bridle: $25-$100
Bit: $50-$100 Reins: $25-$50
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Costs of horse ownership
Rough expense list: Feed: $36 Hay : $48 Bedding if needed: $16 Wormer. generic ivermectrin: $3 every other month Salt or mineral blocks: $2 for the stall ones, $5 for 50# Trims: $20-$40 Yearly vaccines by vet: $100 Dental care: $100 Tack = depends $500-$10,000 Other expenses: Grooming tools, shampoos, fly spray, first aid kit. Budget at least $100 and up. Slush fund for emergency vet care: set aside $200 if something easy to treat. Plan for the worst if you can. Monthly total: $723.50 Yearly total: $8,682.00
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Uses Sport Work Entertainment Therapuetic Warfare Product
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Sport Dressage Eventing Show jumping Rodeo Sport/Fox hunting
Horse racing Flat Steeple chasing Harness racing Competitive driving Endurance racing Horse shows “In-hand” Polo Jousting Buzkashi
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Work Mounted police Cattle Ranches Search and rescue
Disaster relief assistance Park Rangers Game wardens Transportation Land management Draft animals Forestry
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Entertainment Historical Reenactments Ceremonial Convey Royalty
horse drawn carriages Public exhibition Circus Parades TV & Film Advertising Mythology Zodiac
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Therapeutic Use Riding Paralympic games Hippotherapy
Improved balance & coordination Increase self-confidence thru freedom Paralympic games Hippotherapy Therapeutic Horse Back riding Equine assisted psychotherapy Companion Animals Prison
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Warfare Long history 4000-3000 BC Still seen today
Ceremonial Reconnaissance Transport in rough terrain Janjaweed militias (Darfur)
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Products Mare’s milk Horse blood Drugs Tail hair Meat Horsehide Glue
Kumis Airag Horse blood Food Drugs Premarin (estrogens in urine) Tail hair Bow strings Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass Meat Common vs Taboo Horsehide Boots, gloves, jackets, baseballs, ball gloves Glue Bones Implements Spinto (made from tibia)
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Diet & Nutrition Grazing animals Good quality forage
2-2.5% body wt dry feed 990 lb animal eats 24 lbs of hay Concentrated feeds Grain Active animals 50% or more of diet should still be forage Clean water 10-12 gal/day
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Housing Adapted for outside Need wind/precip shelter Shed/stable
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Grooming & Care Routine hoof care Vaccinations Dental examinations
Farrier Vaccinations Dental examinations Regular exercise Physical & mental well-being Sturdy fences Safe containment Regular grooming Maintain good coat & skin health
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Repro Gestation: 340 days Precocial Estrus Cycle Weaning Puberty
One foal Twins are rare Precocial Foals able to move soon after birth Estrus Cycle 19-22 days Seasonal Anestrus (winter) Weaning 4-6 mos Puberty 18 mos Rarely before age three Training Saddle (2-4 yrs) Depending on use
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Anatomical Uniqueness
Skeletal: Horses have no collar bone Horse’s “knee” similar to human wrist No muscle in the legs below the hock Cannon bone Similar to a giant toe Hoof Tissue, not bone!
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Sleep Uniqueness Sleep both standing and lying “Stay apparatus”
Keeps them from falling down Sleep better in groups No solid sleep 4-15 hours/day in standing rest Avg: 2.9 hrs/day sleep Must lie down for REM 1-2 hrs/every few days
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Common Diseases Horse hoof diseases Acute laminitis in horses
Diseases of the bones Buttress foot Contracted foot Sand-crack False quarter Anasarca or Purpura Hemorrhagica Hydrophobia Rabies or Madness Horse Colic Indigestion or Gastro-intestinal Catarrh
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Horse Hoof Diseases Brittle hoof Club-foot Ringed or ribbed hoof
Horn is hard and stony Hereditary Club-foot Alteration of foot angle Ringed or ribbed hoof Ridges on the hoof horn Alternating moist vs dry Spongy hoof Soft an non-resistant horn Common with large, flat hooves
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Acute laminitis in horses
Spontaneous inflammation of the foot Usually two front Often all four Occasionally just hind General term Long-term result= lameness
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Diseases of the bones Periostitis Ostitis
Rarely occur as individual ailments Irritants cause healthy tissue reactions Heat, pain, redness & swelling Forms abnormal tissue amounts
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Buttress foot & Contracted Foot
Usually caused by violent injury Fracture Deformity of hoof Symptoms: Lameness Contracted Foot Frog damage & discharge Mild to extremely severe
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Sand-crack Classified by: Hereditary (due to conformation)
Length Severity Position Duration Starting point Hereditary (due to conformation) “Internal” vs External
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False Quarter Gap in foot Incomplete hoof wall
Sensitive structures still covered Form of hypertrophy Results from other diseases
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Anasarca or Purpura Hemorrhagica
Post influenza Frequently in animals with especially quick recovery Lesions and swelling Mouth Tongue Legs DANGER! Swelling of head Closure of nostrils Throat, lung & intestine edema Septicemia Blood poisoning
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Hydrophobia Rabies or Madness
Transmitted from rabid animals Central nervous system Horse becomes: Irritable Vicious Will fracture jaw with biting Eventual paralysis Death from hemorraging
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Horse Colic Diseases of organs in abdomen Types: Pain
Engorgement colic Obstruction colic Tympanitic colic Spasmodic colic Worm colic Pain How do you know an animal is in pain?
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Indigestion or Gastro-intestinal Catarrh
Irregular appetite Refusing all food Eating ravenously Depraved appetite Irregular bowels Loose and bad smelling one day Bound the next Grain is often passed whole Hay passed in balls or impacted masses Passes large amounts of highly sour gas Loses flesh Shin presents as hard and dry; seems very tight
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