1. The gchart Procedure The gchart Procedure is used to create bar charts of various types (it can also create pie charts. It’s most basic form would look something like this: proc gchart data=save.padgett; vbar plantht; run; quit;

2. The gchart Procedure The vbar (or hbar) statement includes a variable that is referred to as the midpoint variable. If this variable is of the character type, a midpoint is established for each unique value. If it is numeric, SAS establishes classes or bins for it. In either case, the frequency in each class is summarized by vertical (or horizontal) bars.

3. Basic Output This is kind of like a histogram, except for the spacing This value of 75 corresponds to a class ranging from 67.5 to 82.5 (with a frequency of about 60)

4. A Few Options In this version proc gchart data=save.padgett; vbar plantht/space=0 type=percent levels=9; run; quit; Controls spacing between bars Changes the statistic from frequency to percent Sets the number of midpoints

5. So We Get… This is a histogram

6. Setting Midpoints You can also set midpoints explicitly: proc gchart data=save.padgett; vbar plantht/space=0 type=percent midpoints=0 25 50 75 100 125 150; run; quit; The chart will be constructed with these 7 values as class midpoints

7. Setting Midpoints We might try… proc format; value classes low-<30='<30' 30-<60=’30-60' 60-<90=’60-90' 90-<120=’90-120' 120-high='>120' ; run; proc gchart data=save.padgett; vbar plantht/space=0 type=percent; format plantht classes.; run; quit;

8. We Get… Oops SAS establishes the midpoints first then applies the format

9. The Discrete Option proc gchart data=save.padgett; vbar plantht/discrete space=0 type=percent; format plantht classes.; run; quit; Discrete establishes each distinct value of the midpoint variable as a midpoint on the graph. If the variable is formatted, the formatted values are used for the construction. If you use discrete with a numeric variable you should: 1. Be sure it has only a few distinct values. or 2. Use a format to make categories for it.

10. Result Bar width determines the space available for writing midpoint values

11. Bar Width proc gchart data=save.plantht; vbar plantht/discrete space=0 type=percent width=12; format plantht classes.; run; quit; Sets bar width

12. Horizontal Bar Charts proc format; value $pol_type 'CO' = 'Carbon Monoxide' 'LEAD' = 'Lead' 'O3' = 'Ozone' 'SO2' = 'Sulfur Diox.'; run; proc gchart data=save.projects; hbar pol_type/discrete type=percent; format pol_type pol_type.; run; quit;

13. Horizontal Bar Charts Besides the orientation of the bars, horizontal bar charts differ in that they produce a set of summary statistics by default. You can suppress this with the nostats option.

14. Summary Variables If I want my bar chart to summarize values of some analysis variable for each midpoint, use the sumvar= (and type= ) option. E.g.: proc gchart data=save.projects; hbar pol_type/discrete sumvar=jobtotal type=mean nostats; format pol_type $pol_type.; run; quit;

15. Result Note: Only two types of statistics are available with summary variables, the sum (which is the default) and the mean Mean total cost is now summarized for each pollution type.

16. Where to find more…

17. Axis Modification The two axes on the bar graph are referred to as the midpoint axis (maxis) and the response axis (raxis). Axes can be modified with axis statements. The general form of an axis statement is: axisn options; where n is an integer between 1 and 99.

18. Axis Modification Lots of options can be set in an axis statement. E.g.: proc gchart data=save.projects; hbar pol_type/discrete sumvar=jobtotal type=mean nostats maxis=axis1 raxis=axis2; format pol_type $pol_type.; axis1 label=(c=blue h=1.5 f=swissb ’Type of Pollution Project'); axis2 order=(0 to 100000 by 20000) minor=(n=1) value=(h=1.25 f=swissb) label=(f=swissb c=red h=1.5 'Mean Job Cost in Dollars'); run; quit; Assign axis statements to each chart axis Choose options/modifications for specified axis

19. The Result

20. Some Options c= sets axis color w= sets axis width label=(options) Sets axis label, some options: h= text height c= text color f= font style ‘Any Text’ is the axis label (overrides any label currently assigned) a= angle of the label text r= rotation of individual characters

21. Some Options value =(options) controls appearance of axis values, options are similar to those for label. order=(a to b by c) sets axis starting and ending points and increment minor=(options) major=(options)  Controls style of major or minor tick marks. Some options: n= number of ticks (for minor it’s the number between major ticks) h= height c= color w= width

22. Where to Find More (If you dare…)

23. Bar Fill Patterns In all charts to this point, all bars have been red. It is possible to change the color, and it is possible to give each bar a different color. To give bars different colors, specify patternid=midpoint in the hbar or vbar statement.

24. Bar Fill Patterns patternid=midpoint gives each bar its own “pattern” or color

25. Setting a Color List The goptions statement allows us to set several global graphics options, one of which is a color list: goptions colors=(blue red yellow cyan orange); proc gchart data=save.projects; hbar pol_type/discrete sumvar=jobtotal type=mean nostats maxis=axis1 raxis=axis2 patternid=midpoint; format pol_type $pol_type.; axis1 label=(c=blue h=1.5 f=swissb ’Type of Pollution Project'); axis2 order=(0 to 100000 by 20000) minor=(n=1) value=(h=1.25 f=swissb) label=(f=swissb c=red h=1.5 ’Mean Total Project Cost'); run; quit; This color becomes the default axis and text color

26. Setting a Color List Remember, setting a color is an option for any axis statement, so if you change the color list, you can always override the first color behavior in the axis statement. coutline= is an option you can use in the vbar or hbar statement to set the bar outline color.

27. Alternate Fill Patterns You can specify some alternate fill patterns for bars (particularly useful for creating black & white charts) with a pattern statement(s). The two major options in the pattern statement are c= and v=, for color and fill, respectively. Rules:  If no color is specified, the fill pattern is applied for each color in the color list.  If a color is specified, the fill pattern is applied only once.  The fill pattern can be set to on of Ln, Rn or Xn; where n is an integer between 1 and 5.

28. An Example L, R and X correspond to left-leaning, right-leaning and crossed lines. The number controls the thickness Add these pattern statements to your previous code to get the above bar graph: pattern c=black v=L1; pattern c=black v=R1; pattern c=black v=X1; pattern c=black v=L5; pattern c=black v=R5;

29. The group= option proc gchart data=save.padgett; hbar marsh/group=flower discrete sumvar=plantht type=mean nostats maxis=axis1 raxis=axis2 gaxis=axis3 patternid=midpoint; format marsh marsh. flower flower.; axis1 label=(c=blue h=1.5 f=swissb ’Marsh'); axis2 order=(0 to 120 by 20) minor=(n=1) value=(h=1.25 f=swissb) label=(f=swissb c=red h=1.5 'Mean Plant Height in Centimeters'); axis3 label=(c=green h=1.5 f=swissb ’Flowering'); run; quit; Sets up a “grouping” variable—bars for the full set of midpoints are constructed for each value of the group variable We can modify the group axis as well

30. Grouped Bar-Chart

31. The subgroup= option Subgroup creates stacked bars across levels of a variable. (Not appropriate for means)

32. The subgroup= option proc gchart data=save.padgett; hbar marsh/group=flower discrete type=percent nostats maxis=axis1 raxis= axis2 gaxis=axis3 patternid=subgroup subgroup=form legend=legend1; format marsh $marsh. flower $flower.; axis1 label=(c=blue h=1.5 f=swissb 'Marsh'); axis2 order=(0 to 50 by 10) minor=(n=1) value=(h=1.25 f=swissb) label=(f=swissb c=red h=1.5 ); axis3 label=(c=green h=1.5 f=swissb 'Flowering'); legend1 across=1 label=(c=blue 'Form of Plant') frame cshadow=gray position=(top right) mode=share;

33. Legend Modifications In a legend statement, some options available are:  label= similar to what is available in the axis statement.  across= and down= sets limit for row or column length in the legend (only use one)  frame draws a border around the legend  cshadow= places a shadow “behind” the legend in the specified color.

34. Legend Modifications  position=( ) places the legend, choices include: inside/outside left/right/center top/bottom/middle (default is bottom center outside).  mode= tells how to allocate space for the chart and legend, choices are: reserve: sets aside space for the legend before graph is drawn (can’t be used with position set to inside) share or protect: allows graph and legend to use the same space. Share has the graph drawn over the legend if they intersect, protect does the opposite.