1. Gases http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/animations/balloons.html

2. Gas Characteristics Based on the Gases lab, what are some of the characteristics of gases?

3. The three states of matter.

4. The Structure of a Gas Gases are composed of particles that are flying around very fast in their container(s) The particles in straight lines until they encounter either the container wall or another particle, then they bounce off If you were able to take a snapshot of the particles in a gas, you would find that there is a lot of empty space in there

5. Gases Pushing 5 Gas molecules are constantly in motion As they move and strike a surface, they push on that surface push = force If we could measure the total amount of force exerted by gas molecules hitting the entire surface at any one instant, we would know the pressure the gas is exerting pressure = force per unit area

6. Gas Variables Volume (V) - mL, L, kL… Temperature (T) – o C measured in lab but K (kelvin) for calculations Number of particles (n) – moles Pressure (P) – mmHg, psi…(more to come)

7. The Pressure of a Gas Gas pressure is a result of the constant movement of the gas molecules and their collisions with the surfaces around them The pressure of a gas depends on several factors number of gas particles in a given volume volume of the container average speed of the gas particles

8. Measuring Air Pressure gravity We measure air pressure with a barometer Column of mercury supported by air pressure Force of the air on the surface of the mercury counter balances the force of gravity on the column of mercury

9. Manometer for this sample, the gas has a larger pressure than the atmosphere, so

10. Common Units of Pressure

11. Converting Units of Pressure PROBLEM: A geochemist heats a limestone (CaCO 3 ) sample and collects the CO 2 released in an evacuated flask attached to a closed- end manometer. After the system comes to room temperature,  h = 291.4 mm Hg. Calculate the CO 2 pressure in atmospheres, and kilopascals. SOLUTION: Construct conversion factors to find the other units of pressure. 291.4 torr 1 atm 760 torr = 0.3834 atm 0.3834 atm 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 38.85 kPa

12. Gas Variable Relationships To investigate the relationship between 2 gas variables we need to hold the other 2 constant. Constant P - same # of collisions/unit area Constant V - rigid container Constant T – thermostat control Constant n – keep container sealed

13. Gas Variable Relationships P and V n, T = constant T and V n, P = constant P and T n, V = constant n and V T, P = constant

14. A molecular description of Boyle’s Law – the relationship between P and V

15. The relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas. Boyle’s Law

16. Boyle’s Law Problems What is the volume of gas sample at 750 mmHg if its volume is 4.55 L at 900 mmHg? A sample of helium has a volume of 560 mL at standard pressure. What is the pressure if the volume increases to 890 mL?

17. A molecular description of Charles’s Law – relationship between temperature and volume

18. The relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. Charles’s Law

19. Jacques Charles (1746–1823) Volume is directly proportional to temperature constant P and amount of gas graph of V vs. T is straight line As T increases, V also increases Kelvin T = Celsius T + 273 V = constant x T if T measured in Kelvin

20. Charles’ Law Problems What is the volume of a gas at 75 o C if its volume is 780 mL at 25 o C? What temperature is required to change the volume of a gas to 35 L if its volume is 25 L at 10 o C?

21. Boyle’s Lawn and T are fixed V  1 P Charles’s LawV  TP and n are fixed V T = constant V = constant x T Amontons’s Law (Gay-Lusaac’s Law) P  TV and n are fixed P T = constant P = constant x T Combined gas law V  T P V = constant x T P PV T = constant V x P= constantV = constant / P

22. Combined Gas Law Problems What is the volume of a gas at 60 o C and 850 mmHg if its volume is 350 L at STP? A gas has a volume of 765 mL at 40oC and 1.25 atm. What is the temperature if the sample has a volume of 900 mL with a pressure of 900 mmHg?

23. An experiment to study the relationship between the volume and amount of a gas. Equal volumes of gas under the same conditions contain equal number of particles. If two gases are at the same conditions you can use volumes in stoichiometric calculations in place of moles.

24. IDEAL GAS LAW Boyle’s Law V = constant P V = Charles’s Law constant X T Avogadro’s Law constant X n fixed n and Tfixed n and Pfixed P and T R is the universal gas constant R = PV nT = 1atm x 22.414L 1mol x 273.15K = 0.0821atm*L mol*K PV = nRT

25. Standard Conditions Because the volume of a gas varies with pressure and temperature, chemists have agreed on a set of conditions to report our measurements so that comparison is easy – we call these standard conditions – STP Standard pressure = 1 atm Standard temperature = 273 K ( 0 °C)

26. Standard molar volume.

27. density = m/V where m = mass n = m/ MM The Density of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law PV = nRTPV = (m/ MM )RT m/V = MM x P/ RT The density of a gas is directly proportional to its molar mass. The density of a gas is inversely proportional to the temperature.

28. Molar mass of a gas

29. Mixtures of Gases When gases are mixed together, their molecules behave independent of each other – all the gases in the mixture have the same volume all completely fill the container  each gas’s volume = the volume of the container – all gases in the mixture are at the same temperature therefore they have the same average kinetic energy Therefore, in certain applications, the mixture can be thought of as one gas – even though air is a mixture, we can measure the pressure, volume, and temperature of air as if it were a pure substance – we can calculate the total moles of molecules in an air sample, knowing P, V, and T, even though they are different molecules

30. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures P total = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 +... Mixtures of Gases Gases mix homogeneously in any proportions. Each gas in a mixture behaves as if it were the only gas present. Why do we need to know this?

31. A molecular description of Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

32. Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 depends on their partial pressure differences across membranes.

33. Collecting Gas by Water Displacement

34. Vapor Pressure of Water

35. P,V,T of gas A amount (mol) of gas A amount (mol) of gas B P,V,T of gas B ideal gas law molar ratio from balanced equation Summary of the stoichiometric relationships among the amount (mol,n) of gaseous reactant or product and the gas variables pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T).

36. Stoichiometric Gas Problem How many L of CO 2 gas at 25 o C and 880 mmHg are formed when 15.9 g of gasoline (C 8 H 18 ) are combusted? How many L of O 2 at 20 o C and 0.95 atm are required to generate 250 mL of CO 2 at 1.05 atm and 40 o C when gasoline burns?

37. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gases KMT is a model to explain the behavior of gaseous particles and is based on extensive observations of the behavior of gases. If a gas follows all the postulates of the the KMT it is said to be an ideal gas.

38. Postulates of the KMT Particles are in constant, random, straight line motion. Collisions with walls of their container generate pressure. The actual volume of gas particles is negligible. Particles are far apart. The volume of a gas is effectively the volume the particles occupy, not their particle volume.

39. Postulates of the KMT Gas particles do not attract or repel. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas.

40. Diffusion of a gas particle through a space filled with other particles. distribution of molecular speeds mean free path collision frequency

41. Gas Effusion Movement of a gas through a small opening What factors affect the effusion of a gas?

42. Distribution of molecular speeds at three temperatures.

43. Relationship between molar mass and molecular speed. Graham’s Law of Effusion The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely related to the square root of its molar mass. rate of effusion  1 √ MM

44. Ideal vs Real Gases How do gas volumes respond under a range of conditions (such as changing pressures and temperatures)? If a gas is ideal, the graph of PV/RT vs P for one mole of gas will have a slope of 1. http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F97/Chap ter10/RealGas.html http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F97/Chap ter10/RealGas.html

45. Deviations from Ideality For an ideal gas: PV = nRT or V = nRT/P When you actually measure gas volume at high pressures and low temperatures, the V experimental often does not match V theoretical

46. Deviations from Ideality Why doesn’t V exp = V theor ? If V exp > V theor :  Some gas particles do repel each other so volume is greater than predicted.  Gas particles do have a volume so volume cannot be reduced beyond a certain point.

47. Deviations from Ideality Why doesn’t V exp = V theor ? If V exp < V theor :  Some gas particles do attract each other so volume is reduced more than expected.

48. Corrections for Deviations from Ideality Johannes van der Waals modified the ideal gas law to account for deviations. P x V = nRT [P exp + a(n/V) 2 ] x (V-nb) = nRT  [P exp + a(n/V) 2 ] corrects for attractive or repulsive forces (“a” depends on the particle)  V-nb corrects for particle volume (“b” is a measure of particle volume)

49. GasFormulaa [(L 2 · atm)/mole 2 ]b [L/mole] HeliumHe0.034120.02370 HydrogenH2H2 0.24440.02661 NitrogenN2N2 1.3900.03913 OxygenO2O2 1.3600.03183 Carbon dioxideCO 2 3.5920.04267 AcetyleneC2H2C2H2 4.3900.05136 ChlorineCl 2 6.4930.05622 n - ButaneC 4 H 10 14.470.1226 n - OctaneC 8 H 18 37.320.2368 Selected Values for a and b for the van der Waals Equation