1. Abnormal Psychology & Treatment
Chapter 14 & 15
Abnormal Psychology & Treatment

2. Abnormal 4 Components of Abnormality Unusual – against majority
Maladaptive – interferes with ability to function
Labeled as abnormal by society it occurs in
Perceptual or cognitive dysfunction

3. Theories of Psychopathology
Psychoanalytic
Result: Freud problems between Id, Ego, Super Ego lead to abnormalities
Unconscious drive
Humanistic
Result: Too sensitive to criticisms/judgments of others
Cognitive
Result: Faulty illogical thoughts
Behavioral
Result: All behavior is learned
Biological
Result: Brain function due to structural/chemical abnormalities
Sociocultural
Result: Society/culture decide what is acceptable behavior

4. DSM-IV-TR
Axis I: clinical disorders, including major mental disorders, as well as developmental and learning disorders
Common Axis I disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, phobias, and schizophrenia.

5. DSM-IV-TR
Axis II: underlying pervasive or personality conditions, as well as mental retardation
Common Axis II disorders include personality disorders: paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and mental retardation.

6. DSM-IV-TR Axis III: Acute medical conditions and physical disorders.
Common Axis III disorders include brain injuries and other medical/physical disorders which may aggravate existing diseases or present symptoms similar to other disorders.

7. DSM-IV-TR
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder.
Negative life events, an environmental difficulty, family or interpersonal stress.

8. DSM-IV-TR
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning or Children’s Global Assessment Scale for children under the age of 18. (on a scale from 100 to 1)
100- superior functioning in a wide range of activities.
50-serious symptoms or difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning.
20-some danger of hurting self or others, occasional failure to maintain minimal personal hygiene, or gross impairment in communication.

9. David Rosenhan (1973)
Dangers of labeling – labels behavior as disorders and because labeling is not an exact science it can have adverse effects on how a person is judged.
Rosenhan along with seven others reported hearing voices however responded to question showed no evidence of pathology Still diagnosed mentally ill

10. Anxiety Based Disorders
Anxiety – tension/nervousness/panic attacks overwhelming sense of panic, fear and desire to escape
Panic Disorder
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Phobias

11. Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform – disorder characterized by physical symptoms without any actual physical cause
Conversion Disorder – Paralysis or blindness (no physical cause)
Freud
Hysteria
Hypochondriasis
Factitious Disorders – person inflects injury to self to produce symptoms

12. Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders – extreme disturbance of emotional balance
Unipolar (major depression)
2 or more weeks
Bipolar Disorder
Primarily Depressive
Primarily Manic – rear
Normal – Manic – Depressive
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Sunlight not weather!

13. Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia – disordered thoughts/behaviors which include delusions/hallucinations/inappropriate response
Disorganized – incoherent speech, inappropriate emotion
Catatonic – stupor, rigid boy postures fixed position
Paranoid – auditory hallucinations, secret codded messages hidden for them
Undifferentiated – Multiple symptoms not easily categorized
Residual – Some schizoid tendencies/traits but not profoundly schizophrenic
Dopamine hypothesis - excess dopamine receptors in brain

14. Organic Disorders Organic Disorders – caused by damage to brain tissue
Mostly result of disease or chemicals: Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and some drug/alcohol dependence

15. Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders – extreme abnormal personality that conflicts with social functioning
Paranoid – extreme distrust, suspicion of others
Antisocial – disregard for the rights/interests of others
Narcissistic – Self-preoccupation and focus on self
Dependent – need to be cared for
Histrionic – excessive emotional reactions and excitability, need for attention

16. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders – dysfunction of memory or altered sense of identity
Amnesia – sudden memory loss caused by trauma
Anterograde amnesia – loss of memories occurring after traumatic event
Retrograde amnesia – loss of memory prior to event
Fugue – sudden complete loss of identity, caused by stress, create new identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) – Multiple personality disorder

17. Attention Deficit & Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – inattentiveness, difficulty paying attention, organization, forgetfulness, distractible
Need for attention
Conduct disorder
Oppositional Defiance Disorder

18. Chapter 15
Treatment

19. Psychoanalysis Free association Manifest Content – subject of dream
Patient reports any and all conscious thoughts
Hypnosis – unconsious
Manifest Content – subject of dream
Latent Content – symbols
Transference – patient shifts thoughts/feelings about people/events onto therapist
Countertransference – therapist transfers their feelings onto their patient

20. Humanistic Client-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers (invented)
Understand client through their own reality
Nondirectional approach – focus on clients perception and how that effects them
Goal of therapy: self-actualization (full potential)
Genuineness – active listener and relate to client
Unconditional Positive Regard – show complete acceptance of client no matter what
Accurate empathic understanding – therapist ability to view world from clients eyes (empathy)

21. Gestalt Therapy Fritz Perls Combines both physical/mental therapies
Client maybe asked to act out conflict in order to make them aware of their interactions between body and mind

22. Behavioral Therapy v. Insight Therapy
Behavioral Therapy – short-term process, no deep underlying cause of problem, abnormal behavior is the problem and symptom
Insight
Insight into the cause is the processes of getting better
Psychoanalysis

23. Behavioral Therapy Counterconditioning
Conterconditioning – response to a given stimulus is replaced by a different response
Alcoholic – replace good feelings while drinking, with feelings concerning alcohol
Aversion Therapy – Administer punishment while stimulus
Drink alcohol get slapped!
Systematic Desensitization – replace anxiety with relaxation

24. Behavioral Psychology
Extinction Procedures – weaken maladaptive responses
Flooding – expose client to stimulus that causes undesirable response
Fear spiders, here’s a Camel spider have fun!
Implosion – client imagines stimulus rather than confront it

25. Behavioral Psychology
Operant Conditioning
Behavior-control technique
Behavioral contracting
Patient and client draw up a contract both agree to follow. Follow behavior, rewarded if do the right thing
Modeling
Bandura’s social learning theory
Vicarious learning – watch and learn

26. Cognitive Therapy
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) also called Rational-emotive therapy (RET)
Albert Ellis – when confronted with situations, people recite statements to themselves that express maladaptive thoughts
Change thoughts by facing it
Aaron Beck – focus on maladaptive schemas
Negative triad – negative view of self, world, future
Maladaptive inference – person draws conclusions without evidence
Dichotomous thinking – all-or-none conceptions of situations
“If I don’t get this job, I’ll be a complete failure.”

27. Biological Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery
High voltage electricity pass through head
Causes temp amnesia, possible seizures
Success with depression (last option)
Possible memory loss
Psychosurgery
Prefrontal lobotomy – patient left catatonic state

28. Biological Therapies
Psychopharmacology - treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs
Psychotropic (psychologically active drugs)
4 classes of psychotropic/psychologically active drugs:
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Anxiolytics
Lithium salts
Antipsychotics – Clozapine, Thorazine, Haldol
Reduce schizophrenia symptoms blocking neural receptors for dopamine
Tardive dyskinesia – shaking (side effect)

29. Biological Therapies
Antidepressants – Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclics, selective reuptake inhibitors
MAO – like Eutron increase amount of serotonin, norepinephrine in synaptic cleft
Tricyclics – like Norpramin, amitriptyline, impiramine
Increase amount of serotonin/norepinephrine
Selective reuptake inhibitors (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs) – block reuptake mechanism of cell that released the neurotranmitters.
Prozac (fluoxetine)
Fewer side effects

30. Biological Therapies
Anxiolytics – depress CNS and reduce anxiety, increase feelings of well-being, and reduce insomnia
Common anti-anxiety is Xanax, also include barbiturates (rarely used)
Benzodiazepines – Valium (diazepam) and Librium (chlordiazepoxide) cause muscle relaxation
Lithium Carbonate
A salt effective in treatment of bipolar disorder

31. Modes of Therapy Group therapy 12 Step programs Couples therapy
Family therapy