1. EG1106: GI: a primer Field & Survey data collection 19 th November 2004

2. Topics Choosing a correct surveying strategy Ground Surveying Techniques Aerial surveying techniques Remote sensing techniques Practical today

3. TOPIC 1 Choosing a correct surveying strategy

4. It is important to ask “What is the nature of the end product?” also “What format and level of accuracy do we require?” We may select a surveying strategy that is best suited to these questions One other important consideration is scale which determines our choice of field equipment

5. Choosing a correct surveying strategy Sometimes ignorance of existing resources (such as good aerial photographs) leads to un-necessary fieldwork Conversely, it would not be appropriate to use remotely sensed images or aerial photos if a high resolution study was required for a local area

6. TOPIC 2 Ground Surveying Techniques

7. Ground surveying is the process by which terrain data is obtained by direct measurement in the field Ground surveying produces primary data – whilst aerial and remote sensing makes use of secondary data sources

8. Ground Surveying Techniques We must work within a framework – the bounds of which may be measured using tapes Smaller regions within the framework can be surveyed in greater detail For efficient resurvey or change detection work, it is important to have a strong control framework

9. Ground Surveying Techniques Types of framework

10. Ground Surveying Techniques Offset or rectangular fixing method:

11. Ground Surveying Techniques Independent checks – either by using a different method or by a different observer ensure no serious errors arise. The best type of check is one that is independent of the measurement e.g. if two angles in a triangle are measured, the third may be found by subtraction from 180º. By measuring the third angle an independent check is available.

12. Ground Surveying Techniques Planimetric (plane figure) information only Height and slope information only Combined planimetric and height information Field survey work can provide:

13. Ground Surveying Techniques Triangulation is a method of fixing points within a coordinate system Where 2 points are known (these could be landmarks or accurately determined control points) we can assess the position of a third point All angles in a triangle must add to a total of 180º: know 2 angles and you can calculate the third easily by subtraction

14. Ground Surveying Techniques There are many other types of ground survey technique Trilateration, radiation, traversing etc Instruments such as theodolites, clinometers, abney levels, sighting levels and alidades etc allow precise field measurements to be made Techniques used for vertical (slope) measurements are more complex and won’t be discussed here.

15. Ground Surveying Techniques Measurements of slope angles and vertical change is more complex and requires an array of field equipment

16. TOPIC 3 Aerial Surveying Techniques

17. Aerial surveying techniques Ground surveys are required for detailed information and where the bounds of the survey are localised Some studies do not require such precision or accuracy – and may cover a much greater geographical area For these studies, money permitting, an aerial survey can be used.

18. Aerial surveying techniques Photo-interpretation is a qualitative assessment of features and their significance Photogrammetry is a more accurate quantitative measurement of features

19. Aerial surveying techniques A basic requirement of aerial surveying is some kind of camera – such as a metric camera

20. Aerial surveying techniques The camera axis must be kept vertical as much as possible Successive photographs often overlap by as much as 60% along the direction of flight Cameras may be loaded with standard emulsion film (usually high definition monochrome) or be sensitive to specific wavelengths of radiation such as infrared

21. Aerial surveying techniques Aerial photographs initially undergo rectification to allow for image distortion Stereoscopes are often used to gain a three dimensional view of an area from sets of stereoscopic photographs Images can be digitised and georeferenced using a GIS package and data for known control points

22. Aerial photograph: Liverpool docks area

23. TOPIC 4 Remote Sensing Techniques

24. Remote sensing techniques There is little difference between aerial and remotely sensed images (both are a form of remote sensing) Remote sensing may often (but not always) employ satellites in orbit around the earth Satellite surveying us useful for very large natural features or surveying large man-made structures such as cities and road networks

25. Remote sensing techniques Relatively low cost High refresh frequency Images consistent (same instrument) Different channels (wavelengths) Useful for change detection The advantages of remote sensing over aerial photography:

26. Remote sensing techniques Systems such as Landsat (right) and SPOT provide very good resolution and a wide choice of bands

27. Remote sensing techniques Remote sensing can be by aircraft as well - such as radar imaging

29. TOPIC 5 Presenting the Data Cartographically

30. PRACTICAL TODAY D1, D2, E1 & E2 Bring coloured pencils and calculator