2. What is Cnidarian? Marine Invertebrates 9,000 species Jellyfish, Coral, Sea Anemones, Hydras Found Worldwide

3. Cnidarian Characteristics Radial Symmetry –Arranged in circular pattern One body opening –Mouth & anus Simple nervous system Stinging cells

4. Cnidarian Body Forms Polyp –Tube-shaped body with a mouth surrounded by tentacles Medusa –Umbrella shaped with tentacles hanging down

5. Polyp-Forms Hard CoralsHydra

6. Sea anemones Bulb Tentacle Sea anemone Leathery Sea anemone Haddon’s Sea anemone Skunk Anemonefish False Clown Anemonefish

7. Medusa form:

8. Feeding Each cnidocyte contains bulb-like nematocysts Each nematocyst contains a barbed, coiled structure that pierces prey when triggered by touch or chemicals Tentacles then bring the paralyzed prey into the cnidarian’s mouth

9. Digestion Nematocysts –Tiny, harpoon-like structures found at the tips of tentacles that are used to poison and immobilize prey. Gastrovascular Cavity –Inner body layer where digestion takes place via enzyme release

10. Cnidrian Oxygen Demands O 2 diffuses directly into the body cells from water CO 2 and other wastes diffuse out of the cells

11. Cnidarian Nervous System Nerve Net –Conducts nerve impulses from all parts of the body –No brain (control center) –Causes contractions of muscle-like cells in the tentacles and bodies

12. Reproduction in Cnidarians Alteration of Generations –Male releases sperm and female releases eggs into water (sexual) –Zygote becomes a free-swimming larva and swims to a suitable area for attachment and settles –Polyp then grows and begins to form buds that become tiny medusa (asexual) –One by one, the medusa move away from the parent polyp and the cycle begins again

14. Jellyfish are categorized into 4 classes as follows: Hydrozoa (Portuguese man-of-war Scyphozoa (true jellyfish; most common) Cubozoa (box jellyfish; most toxic. NOT found in Caribbean) Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)

16. Class Scyphozoa Range in size from the thimble sized jellyfish to the Arctic Lion’s Mane whose tentacles stretch over 100 feet in length

17. Scyphozoa Characteristics Found Worldwide 95% water No heart, brain, blood or gills Feed on zooplankton

18. Scyphozoa Structure Bell –Body of jellyfish Oral Arms –Help bring food toward mouth Mesoglea – –“jelly-like” substance –Separates and connects the two other tissue layers Tentacles –Contain Nematocysts

19. Scyphozoa Tissue Layers Epidermis – –outermost tissue layer –Acts like a “skin” –Provides protection Gastrodermis – Inner tissue layer Lines the body cavity Carries out digestion Produces reproductive cells

20. Scyphozoa Senses Chemoreceptors –Sense chemical signals for smell and taste Balance –Sacs located on rim of bell –Help keep the jellyfish in the right direction

21. How Do Jellyfish Swim? Jet Propulsoion –Contract coronal muscles that push water out of the hollow bell –Drift in the currents

22. Stinging Cells- Nematocysts Consist of a capsule with a sensory hair, a lid, and a interior stinger Fires in milliseconds –One of the fastest processes in nature

23. Scyphozoa Reproduction: Alternation of Generations

24. Miscellaneous Facts Nematocysts may still fire even when the jellyfish is dead Loggerhead Sea turtles and Ocean Sunfish are known to eat jellyfish The name of the “jelly- like” material is called Mesoglea

25. Class Hydroza- Portuguese man-of-war Not only is it not a jellyfish, it's not even an "it," but a "they." The Portuguese man-of-war is a siphonophore, an animal made up of a colony of four separate polyps called zooids, that serve different functions and act like different body parts of a single organism. Commonly in the Pacific and Indian oceans, and the northern Atlantic Gulf Stream, although found in warm seas throughout the world a translucent structure tinted pink, blue, or violet - which may be 3 to 12 inches long and may extend as much as 6 inches Will eat anything it can get Sting is excruciatingly painful

26. Purple Jelly –Up to 5 inches –Cape Cod to Florida –Purple bell is dotted red –Sting: painful

27. Moon Jelly –Size: 3-20 inches –Atlantic Coast –Color: translucent white pink or beige –Sting: Mild

28. Cannonball Jelly –Size: Up to 1 foot –North Carolina to Florida –Sting: Mild

29. Lion’s Mane Jelly Up to 8 ft Maine to Florida Color: Deep red, purple or yellow Sting: Painful

30. Sea Nettle Jelly Size: 1-12 inches Cape Cod to Florida Color: Semi-transparent, reddish stripes Sting: Painful

31. Upside Down Jellyfish Appearance provides protection from predators (looks more like a water flower) Crabs tend to carry these on their backs for protection Depend on zooxanthellae for partial nutrition –Reason why it lives upside down (the algae live inside the bell and needs sunlight, so the jellyfish floats upside down in the water, and lives in shallow water so it can rest on the bottom upside down)

32. Class Cubozoa - Box Jellyfish Characteristic cube-like shape Nineteen species in this group Sea wasps are best known and most deadliest creature on land or water –Determined by how many people an ounce of the venom can kill, and how long it takes you to die from the venom after being bitten, stung, or stuck

33. Box Jelly Stings An ounce of sea wasp venom can kill 60 adult humans and can cause death in less than 3 minutes Only one survivor has been recorded (Ian McCormick from New Zealand). He survived 5 stings on his arm A single tentacle can have 5000 nematocysts Have 4 eyes, but no brain so we don’t know what they see Normally found around Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and Philippines Mostly found in shallow water and like the intersection of the ocean and rivers if there are any

34. There has been an explosion around Australia, attributed to climate change and reduction of jellyfish predators due to over fishing. Number of deaths has risen Protection: special wetsuits, nylon pantyhose

35. Class Anthozoa – sea anemones and corals Characteristics: –are stinging polyps that spend most of their time attached to rocks on the sea bottom or on coral reefs waiting for fish to pass close enough to get ensnared in their venom-filled tentacles Anatomy: –Sea Anemones come in many shapes, sizes, and colors. –Radially symmetric, they have a columnar body with a single body opening, the mouth, which is surrounded by tentacles. –The tentacles protect the anemone and catch its food; they are studded with microscopic stinging capsules.

36. Class Anthozoa –sea anemones Diet: –Sea Anemones are carnivores that eat fish, mussels, zooplankton (like copepods, other small crustaceans, and tiny marine larvae), and worms. –They catch food using the tentacles, which have poisonous stingers (called nematocysts).

37. Class Anthozoa –sea anemones Mutualism: –Clown fish always live near anemones; they are immune from (and protected by) the stinging tentacles. The clown fish help the anemone by cleaning the tentacles (as the fish eat detritus) and perhaps by scaring away predators. –Some anemones, establish symbiotic relationships with green algae. In exchange for providing the algae safe harbor and exposure to sunlight, the anemone receives oxygen and sugar. –Sometimes sea anemones hitch a ride on hermit crabs or decorator crabs. The sea anemone can protect the crab and if the crab is a messy eater, the sea anemone can pick up bits of food from the crab and eat it