1. 14 A New Industrial Age The Expansion of Industry
QUIT 14
C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
SECTION 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
SECTION 2
The Age of the Railroads
GRAPH
SECTION 3
Big Business and Labor
VISUAL SUMMARY

2. HOME 14
C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses

3. 14 A New Industrial Age I N T E R A C T
HOME 14
C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
I N T E R A C T
W I T H H I S T O R Y
The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the United States will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages. You are a journalist assigned to describe this monumental construction project for your readers.
What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion?
Examine the Issues
• What dangers do the railroad workers encounter?
• How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad?
• How might railroad construction affect the environment?

4. 14 A New Industrial Age The United States The World continued . . .
HOME 14
C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1869 Central Pacific and Union Pacific complete the transcontinental railroad.
1870 Franco-Prussian War breaks out.
1875 British labor unions win right to strike.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
1877 Munn v. Illinois establishes government regulation of railroads. Mother Jones supports the Great Strike of 1877.
1879 Thomas A. Edison invents a workable light bulb.
1882 United States restricts Chinese immigration.
continued . . .

5. 14 A New Industrial Age The United States The World HOME TIME LINE
C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1883 Germany becomes the first nation to provide national health insurance.
1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president.
1886 Haymarket riot turns public sentiment against unions.
1890 Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.
1890 Colonization of sub-Saharan Africa peaks.
1893 Women in New Zealand gain voting rights.
1894 President Cleveland sends federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike. William McKinley is elected president.
1896 First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece.
1900 William McKinley is reelected.

6. The Expansion of Industry
S E C T I O N 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
HOME
KEY IDEA
Industry booms as natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fuel technological development.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

7. The Expansion of Industry
S E C T I O N 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom.
Technological developments of the late 19th century paved the way for the continued growth of American industry.
TERMS & NAMES
• Thomas Alva Edison
• Christopher Sholes
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Bessemer process
• Edwin L. Drake
ASSESSMENT

8. The Expansion of Industry Resources, Ideas, Markets
S E C T I O N 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List resources, ideas, and markets that affected the industrial boom of the 19th century. Then note how each item contributed to industrialization.
Resources, Ideas, Markets
Impact
Oil drill
Oil boom, wealth
Bessemer process
Bridge construction, more railroads
Steel
Frame buildings
Electrical power
Artificial light widely available
Telephone
Faster communications
continued . . .

9. The Expansion of Industry
S E C T I O N 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think that consumers gained power as industry expanded in the late 19th century?
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Yes. Availability of products; more leisure time
No. low wages; less skill and craft
continued . . .

10. The Expansion of Industry
S E C T I O N 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. If the United States had been poor in natural resources, how would industrialization have been affected?
ANSWER
Less wealth; less industry; slower growth
continued . . .

11. The Expansion of Industry
S E C T I O N 1
The Expansion of Industry
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. Which invention or development described in this section had the greatest impact on society? Think About:
• the applications of inventions
• the impact of inventions on people’s daily lives
• the effect of inventions on the workplace
ANSWER
Electricity: changed business and home environments
Telephone: sped up communication, faster service, faster growth
Bessemer process: steel used for buildings, machines, factories, bridges, railroads
End of Section 1

12. The Age of the Railroads
S E C T I O N 2
The Age of the Railroads
HOME
KEY IDEA
The growth and consolidation of the railroads benefit the nation but lead to corruption and regulation.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

13. The Age of the Railroads
S E C T I O N 2
The Age of the Railroads
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation.
Railroads made possible the expansion of industry across the United States.
TERMS & NAMES
• transcontinental railroad
• George M. Pullman
• Interstate Commerce Act
• Crédit Mobilier
• Munn v. Illinois
ASSESSMENT

14. The Age of the Railroads
S E C T I O N 2
The Age of the Railroads
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five effects of the rapid growth of railroads.
Creation of nationwide market
Regulation of industry
Growth of towns and cities
Rapid Growth of Railroads
Consolidation of railroads
Corruption
continued . . .

15. The Age of the Railroads
S E C T I O N 2
The Age of the Railroads
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think the government and private citizens could have done more to curb the corruption and power of the railroads? Think About:
• why the railroads had power
• the rights of railroad customers and workers
• the scope of government regulations
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Yes. Consumer boycotts; more regulation; better prosecution of corrupt officials
No. Munn v. Illinois broke new ground for regulation; more regulation would have slowed industrial growth.
continued . . .

16. The Age of the Railroads
S E C T I O N 2
The Age of the Railroads
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
ANSWER
Railroads increased United States settlement and built up United States commerce.
continued . . .

17. The Age of the Railroads
S E C T I O N 2
The Age of the Railroads
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. Why do you think that some Americans disliked the railroad as a new means of transportation?
ANSWER
Pollution and social changes brought on by railroads impeded freedoms. Some feared change because of unknown consequences.
End of Section 2

18. 3 Big Business and Labor KEY IDEA
S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
KEY IDEA
The expansion of industry in the North results in the growth of big business and in the formation of unions by laborers seeking to better their working conditions and pay.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

19. 3 Big Business and Labor OVERVIEW
S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives.
Many of the strategies used today in industry and in the labor movement, such as consolidation and the strike, have their origins in the late 19th century.
TERMS & NAMES
• John D. Rockefeller
• Mary Harris Jones
• Social Darwinism
• Andrew Carnegie
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
• American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Sherman Antitrust Act
• Samuel Gompers
• Eugene V. Debs
• vertical and horizontal integration
ASSESSMENT

20. S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four notable achievements and setbacks of the labor movement between 1876 and 1911.
Event One
Event Two
Event Three
Event Four
1877: The Great Strike
1892: The Steel Strike
1886:
The Haymarket Affair
1911: Triangle Fire
continued . . .

21. S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19th century are best described as ruthless robber barons or as effective captains of industry? Think About:
• their management tactics and business strategies
• their contributions to the economy
• their attitude toward competition
ANSWER
“Barons”—exploitation of workers; greed; personal gain
“Captains”—philanthropy; national commerce; jobs
continued . . .

22. S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. Does the life of Andrew Carnegie support or counter the philosophy of Social Darwinism?
ANSWER
Support: Carnegie well-suited to his society; caused his success
Counter: advantages beyond Carnegie’s personal qualities
continued . . .

23. S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. If the government had supported unions instead of management in the late 19th century, how might the lives of workers have been different?
ANSWER
Labor relations more peaceful; larger unions; higher wages; safer working conditions; lower profits
End of Section 3