1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5/6 1.Please have your packet out. 2.Review respiratory packet/system 3.Power point review 4.Maybe discovery video

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of entire system  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy 4sQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy 4sQ  Crash course

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Respiratory system  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs – alveoli Figure 13.1

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of the Respiratory System  Oversees gas exchanges between the blood and external environment  Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the alveoli  Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose  The only externally visible part of the respiratory system  Air enters the nose through the external nares (nostrils)  The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  Olfactory (smell) receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface  The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa  Moistens air  Traps incoming foreign particles

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate  Anterior hard palate (bone)  Posterior soft palate (muscle)

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Frontal bone  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone  Maxillary bone

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses (reviewed in skeletal)  Function of the sinuses  Lighten the skull  Act as resonance chambers for speech  Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharynx (Throat)  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  The upper and middle pharynx are common passageways for air and food

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larynx (Voice Box)  Routes air and food into proper channels  Plays a role in speech  Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Thyroid cartilage  Largest hyaline cartilage  Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)  Epiglottis  Superior opening of the larynx  Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Larynx  Vocal cords (vocal folds)  Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)  Glottis – opening between vocal cords

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is laryngitis?  Laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box, or larynx ("LAIR-inks")., that causes your voice to become raspy or hoarse.  Laryngitis can be short-term or long-lasting (chronic). Most of the time, it comes on quickly and lasts no more than 2 weeks.

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What causes laryngitis?  Colds or flu. This is the most common cause.  Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This type of laryngitis is also called reflux laryngitis.  Overuse of your voice, such as cheering at a sports event.  Irritation, such as from allergies or smoke.  Some hoarseness may occur naturally with age as your vocal cords loosen and grow thinner.

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trachea (Windpipe)  Connects larynx with bronchi  Lined with ciliated mucosa which beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air to expel mucus loaded with debris away from lungs  Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tracheotomy!  consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea. The resulting opening can serve as a site for a tracheostomy tube to be inserted; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of his or her nose or mouth.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_5eKkwnIRs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_5eKkwnIRs  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SloXwGG2n- Q&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SloXwGG2n- Q&feature=related

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings NEWS!!! Friday, January 20th, 2012  Synthetic Windpipe Transplant Boost For Tissue Engineering  Surgeons in Sweden replaced an American patient’s cancerous windpipe with a scaffold built from nanofibers and seeded with the patient's stem cells. Lead surgeon Dr. Paolo Macchiarini discusses the procedure and the benefits of tissue-engineered synthetic organs

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchi  Formed by division of the trachea  Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs  Occupy most of the thoracic cavity  Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)  Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures  Left lung – two lobes  Right lung – three lobes

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs Figure 13.4b

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coverings of the Lungs  Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura… WHY?

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bronchioles  Smallest branches of the bronchi which end in alveoli Figure 13.5a

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveoli  Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the respiratory membrane  Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveoli Capillaries

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archi ves/201006252 http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archi ves/201006252  Scientists building a real lung!

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas Exchange  Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion  Oxygen enters the blood  Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings WHY do we need gas exchange?  Cellular respiration! Or the conversion of “food” to ATP.  Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. This is important b/c you do not want electrons zipping around your body possibly running into DNA and damaging it   Carbon Dioxide is a byproduct of the breakdown of “food” which contains a lot of carbon. We need to get rid of it b/c if we do not it turns to carbonic acid and decreased the pH which can kill cells!

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events of Respiration  External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli  Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream  Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Respiration  Oxygen movement into the blood  The alveoli always has more oxygen than the blood  Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration  Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings External Respiration  Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood  Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli  Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide  Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas Transport in the Blood  Oxygen transport in the blood  Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO 2 ])

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Internal Respiration  Exchange of gases between blood and body cells  An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs  Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood  Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)  Two phases  Inspiration – flow of air into lung  Expiration – air leaving lung

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration  Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract  The size of the thoracic cavity increases  External air is pulled not sucked into the lungs

39. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiration Figure 13.7a

40. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration  Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity  As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs  Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

41. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Expiration Figure 13.7b

42. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonrespiratory Air Movements  Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions  Examples  Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris  Laughing  Crying  Yawn  Hiccup

43. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Sounds  Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope  Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi  Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling alveoli

44. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth  Physical factors  Increased body temperature  Exercise  Talking  Coughing  Volition (conscious control)  Emotional factors

45. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Premature births  One of the issues with pre-term birth is the underdeveloped lungs.  Before 22 weeks a fetus’ lungs are too under developed for gas exchange.  23 weeks is the youngest surviving (it rare & they will have medical issues for life)  37-40 weeks is considered full term.

46. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Emphysema  Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through  Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis  Airways collapse during expiration  Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale  Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest  Cyanosis appears late in the disease

47. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chronic Bronchitis  Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed  Mucus production increases  Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange  Risk of lung infection increases  Pneumonia is common  Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early

48. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lung Cancer  Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States  Increased incidence associated with smoking  Three common types  Squamous cell carcinoma  Adenocarcinoma  Small cell carcinoma

49. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS)  When an apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep  Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center  One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities

50. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Asthma  Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages  Response to irritants with coughing, and wheezing

51. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5/8  the pig dissection.  You must finish in the 90 minutes

52. Dissection of the Respiratory System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3fbuPx F-3U – inflating a fetal pig lung with a straw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3fbuPx F-3U