1. BONDING AND ADHESION
Dr.linda Maher

2. The modern dental practice uses bonding for a wide variety of dental procedure. the dental assistant and dental hygienist must be familiar with the terms and processes used in bonding of various restorative and preventive materials.

3. BONDING
It is the process of attaching restorative materials to the tooth structure by adhesion TYPES OF BONDING: 1\mechanical bonding 2\chemical bonding 3\combination of two

4. 1\mechanical bonding:
Adhesive materials fill the voids or pores of the surfaces and hold surfaces together by interlocking

5. 2\chemical bonding:
chemical adhesion (true adhesion) occurs when the surface atoms of two separate surfaces form chemical bonds to each others

6. USES OF BONDING IN DENTISTRY
1\RESTORATIVE MATERIALS (COMPOSITE-COMPOMER-GIC-PORCELAIN ) 2\ORTHODONTIC PRACITS 3\ENDODONTIC POSTS

7. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BONDING
1\PREPARATION FOR BONDING
The first step in bonding involves preparation of the surface of tooth or the restoration or both to receive the material that will be bonded to it.
Preparing the tooth structure includes: 1\removing debris and caries,
2\etching or conditioning the enamel or dentine or both with an acid.

8. acid etchant:
Commonly used acid is phosphoric acid in concentration of( %) Can be in two forms: Liquid or gel Purpose of etching: 1\The acid removes mineral from the surface to create roughness or microscopic porosity 2\remove smear layer 3\increases surface wetting

9. smear layer:
-The layer of cutting debris that forms on the surface of the tooth after a cavity is prepared.
-It may also contain: plaque, bacteria , pellicle.
-Mainly formed in dentin layer
-It interferes with the formation of a bond to dentin and needs to be removed
- Dissolved with acid etch

10. surface wetting
Acid etching of enamel increases its ability to be wet by a resin bonding agent resulting in a stronger bond

11. Preparation of a metal surface:
roughening the metal surface by( sandblasting) creates mechanical retention in the same way that acid etch roughens the enamel surface
Sandblasting system

12. 2\BONDING TO THE ETCHED SURFACE -A bonding agent(resin material) is applied to the etched tooth surface -It penetrates into the microscopic pores. -When it hardens (polymerized) it creates projections called resin tags that lock into the tooth This creates micromechanical retention

14. ENAMEL ETCHING
1\apply acid etchant(for sec) 2\wash with water 3\dry with air Etched enamel appears frosty white when dried

15. DENTINE ETCHING Etching time: 10 sec (less than enamel)
Keep the surface moist (but not with saliva)
Because dentin contains more collagen fibers than enamel and when dried they will collapse and occlude the porosities created by etching

16. THE HYBRID LAYER
The layer that is formed by the dentin bonding resin , the collagen fibrils of dentin , and the etched dentin surface
It forms the bond that links the dentin to the restorative material

18. BONDING AGENTS 1\ENAMEL BONDING RESINS:
Bonding to enamel alone is much simpler than bonding to dentin
Requires only a low viscosity liquid resin monomer that will penetrate into enamel tags created by etching(BONDING AGENT)

19. 2\DENTIN BONDING RESINS:
Two components are required for better adhesion of the restorative material to the wet surfaced dentin.
1\primer :hydrophilic monomer that penetrates etched dentin and lay down a resin layer
2\adhesive resin: applied over the primer and chemically bond to it

20. TYPES OF BONDING SYSTEMS:
1\TOTAL-ETCH BONDING SYSTEM:
composed of:
1\separated phosphoric acid etchant for both enamel and dentine
2\bonding agent which is applied either in:
A\two-bottles system (primer-bonding resin)
B\one bottle system (primer and bonding resin in one step)

21. Total etch bonding system

22. 2\SELF-ETCHING BONDING SYSTEMS:
bonding agents that do not require the use of acid etching step separately
1\two bottle system
(acid and prime-adhesive)
2\one bottle system
(all in one bottle )

24. Bond strength
This is measured by determining the force needed to separate the two joined materials.
The value for the bond strength is reported as Mpa (mega Pascal).
Bonding to enamel usually gives around 30 Mpa (high bond strength)
The bond strength to dentin is usually less than to enamel

25. Choosing materials with high bond strength is important for:
1\enhance the longevity of the restoration
2\potentially allow for more conservative preparation (does not require excessive removal of the tooth structure to increase retention )

26. FACTORS THAT INTERFERES WITH GOOD BONDING
1\remaining caries in the surface of dentin
2\sclerotic dentine(physical process occur with aging and leading to narrowing of the dentinal tubules)
3\contamination of the cavity by saliva
4\the presence of smear layer

27. THANK YOU .