1. Harry Kucharczyk

2. Need $438 Million spent on annual boating fuel (Lipton 95) 99.8% of goods are transported by ships Carbon Dioxide emissions continue to rise www.unido-ichet.org

3. Knowledge Base Bulbous Bow o Reduces shock wave o Decrease in friction drag http://www.globalsecurity.org www.marinefirefighting.com

4. Knowledge Base Micro Bubbles Inserted in the boundary layer Decreased viscosity and density of the fluid www.impactlab.com

5. Literature Review McCormick and Bhattchara (76)- pioneer microbubble study

6. Literature Review Madavan (84)- location and distribution are essential Kato (94)- reduced skin friction drag by 80% through the use of microbubbles

7. Literature Review Kodama (00)-

8. Literature Review Kyriazis (1988) Effect of Bulb Length (L) on Total Resistance Effect of Bulb Diameter (D) on Total Resistance

9. Engineering Goals Examine the effects of passive and active flow control in boat drag reduction Purpose Reduce skin friction drag by using methods of passive and active flow control

11. Experimental Setup Porous Plate Bulbous Bow

12. Experimental Setup weight Accelerator sensor Flow Direction

13. Experimental Setup (Top View)

14. Experimental Setup Flow Direction Force Meter

15. Experimental Setup (Top View) Force Meter

16. Newton’s Second Law

17. Do Ability Water Tunnel is accessible in the lab Boat has already been constructed Bulbous bow can easily be inserted into the boat Microbubbles can be made through simple appliances

18. Budget ItemVendorCategory #SizeQuantityPrice Water TunnelLab BoatLab Porous Plates ICT International 0604D04- B15M1 5 in radius 5 Micro Aquarium BubblerRena171630570482 in1$4.44 Air InjectorLab Photogate & Pulley SystemPascoME-68381$80.00 Pasport High Resolution Force Sensor PascoPS-21891$139.00 Pasport Acceleration Sensor (2axis) PascoPS-21181$105.00 Total$324.00

19. Bibliography Culley, Dennis. "Active Flow Control Laboratory." NASA - Active Flow Control. NASA. 29 Feb. 2008. Donovan, John, and Linda Kral. "Active Flow Control Applied to an Airfoil." American Institute of Aeronautics (1998). Kato, H., Miyanaga, M., Haramoto, Y. & Guin, M. M. 1994 Frictional drag reduction by injecting bubbly water into turbulent boundary layer. Proc. 1994 Cavitation and Gas-Liquid Flow in Fluid Machinery and Devices ASME 190, 185- 194. Kodama, Y., Kakugawa, A., Takahashi, T., and Kawashina, H., 1999, “Experimental Study on Microbubbles and Their Applicability to Ships for Skin Friction Reduction”, 1st Int. Symp. on Turbulent Shear Flow Phenomena, Santa Barbara, U.S.A., pp.1-6. Kyriazis, George. “Bulbous Bow Design Optimization for Fast Ships.” Naval Architecture (1996). Liou, William W. Microfluid mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Lipton, Douglas W., and Scott Miller. "Recreational Boating in Maryland: An Economic Impact Study, 1993-1994." 6 Mar. 1995. Maryland Marine Trades Conference. Madavan, N.K., Deutsch, S., Merkle C.L., 1984, “Reduction of Turbulent Skin Friction in Microbuubbles”, Phys. Fluids, Vol. 27, pp.356-363. McCormick, M.E., Bhattacharyya, R., 1973, “Drag Reduction of a Submersible Hull by Electrolysis”, Naval Engineers Journal, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 11-16. Pike, John. "Bulbous Bow." Global Security. 7 Oct. 2006.. Scott, Jeff. "Vortex Generators." Aerospaceweb.org | Reference for Aviation, Space, Design, and Engineering. 14 Jan. 2001.. Washington University in St. Louis (2009, March 18). Engineer Devises Ways To Improve Gas Mileage. ScienceDaily Yoshida, Y., Takahashi, Y., Kato, H., et al. 1998A, “Study on the Mechanism of Resistance Reduction by Means of Micro- Bubble Sheet and on Applicability of the Method to Full-Scale Ship“, 22nd ONR Symp. on Ship Hydrodynamics, pp.1- 16.