2.  Poultry is the group name for all domesticated birds used for meat, eggs, or feathers.  A baby chicken of either sex is a chick.  A young male chicken is a cockerel.  A castrated (neutered) male chicken is a capon.  A mature male chicken is a rooster.  A young female chicken is a pullet.  A mature female chicken is a hen.  A group of chickens is a flock.

3.  A. Chickens are classified as layers or broilers.  Layers are chickens used to produce large quantities of eggs.  On average layer hens produce 250 to 270 eggs per year.  Broilers are six- to seven-week-old chickens weighing about 4 pounds that are used for meat because they are tender.

4.  We have two breeds of chicken in our incubator:  1. The White Leghorn.  The Leghorn is the most popular layer breed in the United States.  This breed is also known for its ability to take flight.  Leghorns produce white eggs.  They express yellow skin, yellow shanks, white earlobes, and reddish-bay eyes.  They are somewhat smaller than most breeds, and tend to be noisy.  The chicks are white in color.

5.  2. Rhode Island Red  The Rhode Island Red is a dual-purpose breed; that is, it is raised for meat and eggs.  The breed is dark red and lays brown eggs.  Rhode Island Reds have yellow skin, yellow shanks, red earlobes, and reddish-bay eyes.  Chicks are a light red to tan color with two dark brown bars running down their backs.

6.  The yolk is released into the oviduct (a long, spiraling tube in the hen's reproductive system), where it can be fertilized internally (inside the hen) by a sperm.  Fertilization of a chicken egg takes place when the sperm unites with the egg, forming the blastoderm.  Unfertilized eggs will go through the same process however, it will form a blastodisc.  A blastodisc will not be a dark white  Not symmetrically round

8.  Parthenogenesis is an inherited trait that causes the development of unfertilized eggs.  About 1% of parthenogenetic embryos will develop and hatch with deformities.  Parthenogenesis is more common in turkeys than in chickens.

9.  1. Blastoderm/blastodisc  2. Yolk: Produced by the hen's ovary in a process called ovulation.  It is the yellow, inner part of the egg where the embryo will form.  The yolk contains the food that will nourish the embryo as it grows.

10.  3. Vitelline (yolk) membrane - the membrane that surrounds the yolk.  4. Thick albumin - the stringy part of the egg white (albumin) located nearest the yolk.  5. Thin albumin - the watery part of the egg white (albumin) located farthest from the yolk.  6. Chalaza - a spiral, rope-like strand that anchors the yolk in the thick egg white. There are two chalazae anchoring each yolk, one on the top and one on the bottom.

11.  7. Inner shell membrane - the thin membrane located between the outer shell membrane and the albumin.  8. Outer shell membrane - the thin membrane located just inside the shell.  9. Air cell - an empty space located at the large end of the egg; it is between the inner and outer shell membranes.  10. Shell - the hard, protective coating of the egg.  It is semi-permeable; it lets gas exchange occur, but keeps other substances from entering the egg.  The shell is made of calcium carbonate.

13.  Four Factors must be present for ideal incubation conditions:  A. Temperature. Optimum temperature for hatching chickens is between 99 and 100 degrees F.  B. Humidity. Eggs lose moisture during development and low humidity causes an increased loss. High humidity can prevent the correct evaporation of water.

14.  C. Ventilation. Proper circulation is critical to assure a fresh supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.  D. Position and turning of eggs. The head of the chick must face the large end of the egg for proper hatching. Eggs should be incubated large end up, and turned three to five times daily to prevent the developing embryo from attaching to the shell membrane.

15.  Fertility of eggs can be determined by a process known as candling.  A. Eggs held up to an egg candler, a device for shining a light beam into an egg. Eggs will look different depending on fertilization or lack of fertilization. Fertile eggs will appear darker as the developing embryo begins to form. Infertile eggs can be detected after 15 to 18 hours of incubation.

17.  Different breeds of poultry have different incubation lengths:  Do not candle or turn the eggs the last three days of incubation. Bird:Incubation: Chickens21 days Ducks/Turkeys28 days Pigeon18 days Ostrich42 days

18.  Day 3:  Body parts have begun to for  The embryo will have a distinct question mark shape  Heart begins to beat  Day 6  Voluntary movement begins  formation of reproductive organs and differentiation of sex  Day 9  Egg tooth begins to form  Body parts can be clearly recognized

19.  Day 12  Beginning of feathers  Day 16  Beak, claws become to harden  Embryo continues to grow and moves into position to break the shell  Day 20-21  yolk sac completely drawn into body cavity;  embryo occupies practically all the space within the egg except the air cell  When the air cell is broken, the embryo only has a limited time to pip its way out of the egg.

20.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tof5b1Qs_OE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tof5b1Qs_OE&feature=related

21.  D. Brooding refers to the care of young poultry from the time of hatching through eight to ten weeks of age.  Chicks should be removed from the incubator when they have dried and the down becomes fluffed. This drying normally takes about 12 hours.  1. Certain environmental conditions are needed for proper brooding.  a. Temperature—When chicks are one day old, the temperature should be between 90 and 95 degrees F. The temperature is generally lowered five degrees per week until a temperature of 70 to 75 degrees is reached, or until the chicks are fully feathered.  b. Ventilation—Proper ventilation provides fresh oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and keeps bedding dry.  c. Moisture—50 to 60% relative humidity is recommended for good feathering.