1. Chapter 9 Ideal Transformer
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

2. Electro Mechanical System
Ideal Transformer
Introduction
Transformers are one of the most useful electrical devices ever invented.
It can raise or lower the voltage or current in an ac circuit.
It can isolate circuits from each other.
It can change the apparent value of impedance.
The transformer enables us to transmit electrical energy over great distances.
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

3. Eelements of transformer
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Electro Mechanical System

4. Transformer application
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Electro Mechanical System

5. Electro Mechanical System
Voltage Induction
For a coil consisting of N turns placed in a variable flux , the flux alternates sinusoidally at a frequency f, periodically reaching positive and negative max. The flux induces a sinusoidal ac voltage.
Where:
E = effective voltage induced [V]
f = the frequency of flux [Hz]
N = number of turns.
max is the peak value of flux [Wb]
(The reason for using peak flux is that it is proportional to peak flux density Bmax which in iron cores, determine the value of saturation.)
The question arises: Why do we use peak value of Fmax ?
The reason is peak flux is proportional to peak flux density Bmax which in iron cores, determine the value of saturation.
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

6. Applied Voltage & Induced Voltage
Consider a coil connected across an AC voltage source Eg.
The coil and source resistances are negligible.
The induced voltage E must equal the source voltage Eg.
A sinusoidal AC flux  must exist to generate the induced voltage on the N turns of the coil.
max varies in proportion to Eg.
Placing an iron core in the coil will not change the flux .
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

7. Applied Voltage & Induced Voltage
Magnetization current Im drives the AC flux
The current is 90° out-of-phase and lagging with respect to the voltage.
To produce the same flux a smaller magnetomotive force is needed with an iron core than an air core. Less magnetizing current is required. So with an iron core, less current is needed to drive the AC flux.
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

8. Applied Voltage & Induced Voltage
Example
A coil, having 4000 turns, links an AC flux with a peak value of 2mWb at a frequency of 60 Hz
Calculate the rms value of the induced voltage
What is the frequency of the induced voltage?
  E = 4.44 f N max
E = 4.44 x 60 x 4000 x 0.002
E = 2131 V
The induced voltage has rms value of 2131 V and a frequency of Hz.
The peak voltage is: 2131 x √2 = 3014 V
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

9. Applied Voltage & Induced Voltage
Example:
A coil, having 90 turns, is connected to a 120 V, 60 Hz source the rms magnetization current is 4 A. Find:
a) Peak value of the flux b) Peak value the mmf.
c) Inductive reactance of the coil. d) Inductance of the coil.
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

10. Elementary Transformer
Consider an air-core coil, excited by an AC source Eg, draws a magnetization current Im, produces a total flux 
A second coil is brought close to the first
a portion  m1 of the flux couples the second coil, the mutual flux
an AC voltage E2 is induced
the flux linking only the first coil is called the leakage flux,  f1
Improved flux coupling
concentric windings, iron core
weak coupling causes small E2
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System

11. Elementary Transformer
The magnetization current Im produces both fluxes m1 and f1
The fluxes are in-phase
The voltages Eg and E2 are in-phase
Terminal orientation such that the
coil voltages are in-phase and are said to possess the same polarity
Lecture 04
Electro Mechanical System