1. Back to Islam The Rise of the Ottoman Turks The Fall of Constantinople
The Spread of the Ottoman Empire
The Safavid Emkpire
The Mongul Empire

2. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople
Anatolian Peninsula – between the Black Sea and Mediterranean

4. “Golden Horn” from space

5. Gunpowder Empires Refers to Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
During the 16 and beginning 17th c. the greatest gunpowder states were not European states but Islamic ones.
Ottoman based in Constantinople
Safavid – Based in Iran
Mughal – Base in India
Not nomadic empires
Stable boundaries
Religious impact

6. ff

7. By 1500, Islam had become the dominate faith across a large part of the world from West Africa to Southeast Asia
Three large states dominated the Muslim world in the 1500s.
The Ottomans, the Safavids and the Mughals were reaching their peak of power

8. The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s
The Turkic peoples entered Anatolia after the Mongols defeated the Seljuk's in the middle of the 13th c.
During the 14th and 15th c. they moved into the Balkans
In 1453, they captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire
During the next two centuries they ruled much of the Middle East

9. Osman I (Othman):
Ottomans – Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, north Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after World War I.
Osman I – founder of the Ottoman empire (the Ottomans took the title of sultan)
Military leaders had a dominant role in the Ottoman state, a polity geared to war and expansion

10. The Ottomans
The Ottoman became more militaristic, they mastered the use of gunpowder with muskets and cannon
The Ottoman Empire qualified as on of the first “gunpowder empires.” These were created by ambitious rulers who unified regions that were not originally under their control
There success based on the use of gunpowder
The achievements of the Turkish Empire can also be attributed to its administrative structure

11. The Ottoman Bureaucracy
Each millet had its own religious leaders – responsible for education and legal matters
SULTAN
Men of the pen
b. Men of the sword
c. Men of negotiations
Divans - Vizier
Social / Military Divans
Heads of Individual Religious Millets
Muslims
Jews
Local Administrators & Military
Christians
Landowners / Tax Collectors
Vizier – Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th c. often more powerful that the sultan

12. Definition
Harem – was the part of the household in which the wives and female slaves of the sultan lived. Generally, the sultan favored one or two wives and children over others in the harem, which caused much strife and political intrigue in the harem itself.
A powerful player in the politics was the queen mother, the mother of the sultan. Generally she emerged as a major advisor to the throne. She had to make her son stand out from all of the other sons in the harm.

13. Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481 (“The Conqueror”)
Defeated the Serbs at the famous Battle of Kossovo 1389
Mehmed II – Ottoman sultan called the “Conqueror”, captured Constantinople and destroy the Byzantine Empire
Turkish the chosen language of the Ottoman court

14. The End of the Byzantine Empire

15. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

16. By 1350 the Ottomans had advanced from their strongholds in Asia Minor across the Bosporus into Europe

17. Janissaries – Elite Soldiers of Sultan Army
Janissaries – young Christian youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century.
Janissaries – After being converted and educated they were enrolled in the elite regiments. The most famous slave-recruited army in Islamic history
Greatest Slave Army in the Islamic world

18. Notable Quotable
The Janissary corps was an elite group of soldiers and administrators of the sultan’s army. In general, they were young Christian men chosen for their good looks and physical abilities. After initial recruitment, the janissaries had sons who also inherited the right to be in the corps. But by the early 1800s, the force had become an undisciplined political power of over 100,000 men – so the sultan was forced to put its entire membership to death!

19. “Golden Horn”

20. Europeans vs. Turks

21. Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Spanish fleet defeat the Ottoman and gain control of the Mediterranean Sea

22. Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Major Point in History – The Ottoman Expansion was stopped – Also the Siege of Vienna in 1529

23. Hagia Sophia - Istanbul

24. Hagia Sophia - interior

25. Suleiman the Magnificent: (1520-1566)
Suleiman’s Signature
– “Golden Age” – Ottoman ruled the largest empire, in Europe and the Middle East
Suleiman advance deeper into Europe, finally stopped at the “Siege of Vienna”

26. The Golden Age of the Ottomans
Golden Age under Suleiman the Magnificent –– Know as the “Lawgiver” to his own people.

27. Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court
At its height his empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and across North Africa
Suleiman as sultan had absolute power, but he ruled with the help of a grand vizier
Ottoman law was based on the Sharia, officials worked with religious scholars who interpreted the law

28. Qur’an Page: Arabic Calligraphy
Ottomans ruled diverse peoples who had many religions
Like the janissaries non-Muslim girls from Eastern Europe were brought to serve as slaves in wealthy Muslim households
They might be accepted as members of the household
Some were freed after the death of their masters.

29. Blue Mosque The arts blossomed under Suleiman
Ottoman poets adapted Persian and Arab models to produce works in their own Turkish language
The sultans of the Empire were patrons of Islamic art as caliphs.

30. Blue Mosque - interior

31. Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel Visits Muhammad
A surge of artistic achievement in textiles, rugs, and wall hangings being produced with intricate and beautiful color schemes and Islamic designs

32. Scholars at the Galata Observatory (Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557
By the 1700’s European advances in both commerce and military technology were leaving the Ottomans behind
While European industry and trade pressed ahead the aging Ottoman empire remained dependent agriculture
Russia and there European powers chipped away at Ottoman lands, while local rulers in North Africa and elsewhere broke away from Ottoman control

33. The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

34. The Decline
Grand vizier and others exercised more power, sultans retreated to their harem
Pashas became corrupt, with law and order secondary concerns
Turkish culture became influenced by Western standards contrary to Islamic law. Alcohol, coffee and tobacco were used
Unrest smoldered waiting for the right moment to flame up

35. Tamerlane (1336-1405) or “Timur, the Lame”
Timur the Lane fell in early 15th c.
Savaid dynasty founded by Ismail a descendent of Safi al-Din (thus the name Safavid)

36. The Safavid (Sah SAH weed)
The Safavids profited from the struggles of rival Turkic groups after Mongol invasion -The Shi’a Muslims, came from a family of Sufi preachers and mystics

37. Safavid Empire in Persia
Ismail and his successors called themselves shahs or kings of the Persian Empire and considered themselves to be the spiritual leaders of Islam not the Ottoman caliph!
The Safavids were able to seize much of present-day Iraq and Iran
The Savavid Empire was located in modern-day Iran, which still has a predominantly Shiite Muslim population. This population still has many conflicts with the Sunni Muslims of the region

38. The Safavid planted Shiite traditions firmly in Iran and gave Persians a strong sense of their own identity
Tension between Shiite Safavid and Sunni Ottoman Turks arose in several events in the history of the Persian empire.

39. Abbas the Great – High Point
Outstanding Safavid Shah or King was Abbas the Great
He revived the glory of ancient Persia created a powerful military force modeled on the Ottoman Janissaries

40. Abbas built a magnificent new capital at Isfahan (is fuh HAHN)
The Shah welcomed artists, poets, and scholars to the court
Safavid glory slowly faded after the death of Shah Abbas
Pressure from Ottoman armies, conservative Shiite scholars challenged the authority of the shah
In the end Sunni Afghans rebelled and defeated imperial armies

41. The Safavid cuture
Isfahan the capital, the arts flourished under Shah Abba, Silk and carpet weaving spread through the region.

42. Chaldiran – Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi’a state
Imams – Shi’a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali’s successors
Mullahs – Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi’ism
qizilbash (Redheads) – called because of colorful red headgear – followers of Shah Ismail founder of Safavid dynasty – Ismail imposed Shi’a as main religion

43. The Quick Decline of the Safavid
Shah Abbas death (power vacuum)
Shiite dissatisfied with peace with the Sunnis
Bordering nations seized territory
Afghans invaded from the East, ottoman Turks from the West, Persia fell into a state of political chaos and anarchy.
Persia would remain in this state for many years

44. The Delhi Sultanate Delhi sultanate lasted from 1206 until 1526
The start of Muslim rule in northern India

45. The Mogul Dynasty
Founder Babur –father descended from Tamerlane and his mother from Genghis Khan
He inherited the rule of what remained of Tamerlanes’ empire
He established himself as the power of north India
He loved learning and culture he even wrote his own memoirs

46. Babur – “the Tiger) Claimed descent from Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane
Military genius, poet and author
Started Mughal dynasty which ruled from 1526 until 1857
Swept away Delhi Sultanate, ruled in its place

47. Akbar the Great Babur grandson
Started (Din-i-Ilahi) – a new religion it attempted to blend elements of the many faiths with which he was familiar as a means of reconciling Hindus and Muslims
Religion was rejected by both Muslims and Hindus after Akbar’s death
Akbar the Great strengthened Muslim rule by instituted a policy of religious toleration
Mughal empire declined because of religious intolerance

48. Mogul Dynasty
Akbar used heavy artillery to conquer independent fortresses across India
Akbar created the greatest empire in India since the Mauryan dynasty
Moguls were Muslims ruling a Hindu nation

49. Mughal dynasty – Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century
Akbar the Great ( )–built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority
Outlawed Sati – Ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband’s funeral pyres

50. The Decline of the Mogul Empire
Akbar died in 1605 his son Jahangir fell under the influence of one of his wives in his harem arranged marriage to her son.
Shah Jahan began the decline – spent too much on the construction of the Taj Mahal in his wife's honor completely draining the treasure
His son ruled after him forbade suttee and was not tolerant of other religions
Mogul and British trading increased, British army under Sir Robert Clive defeated Mogul army, gradually British forced dominated India until 1947

51. Taj Mahal (1650)– Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India

52. Mumtaz Mahal – Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal

53. Hindu-Muslim Differences
Hinduism
Ancient religion evolved over thousand of years
Many sacred texts, many gods and goddesses
Hindus accepted differences in castes and honored Brahmans as a priestly caste
Hindus celebrated religious occasions with music and dance
Muslims
Devout monotheists, saw the statues and carvings in Hindu temples as an offense to the one true god
Muslims taught the equality of all believers before God no religious hierarchy
Muslims condemned that practice

54. The Least You Need To Know
The Ottoman Turks emerged from central Asia to create an empire out of the territories of the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe
Sulieman the Magnificent was the most able of all of the Ottoman sultans his reign also marked the high point in Ottoman power and culture

55. Continued
The Safavid dynasty came out of the political chaos and anarchy of the Persia to dominate the region and create a short-lived empire
The Moguls established an empire which united the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms in India for over 300 yearas