1. Documents

2. A document is defined as anything on which a mark is made for the purpose of transmitting a message. A questioned document is one where it’s origin is unknown. A standard/exemplar is a document of know origin. A standard/exemplar is used for comparison Forgery is the act of falsifying documents.

3. Documents A standard/exemplar vs. questioned document. 1956 Weinberger Kidnapping: “your baby sitter” An FBI-conducted analysis and made a match between the top two sign-offs ("Your baby sitter"), pulled from the ransom notes, and the bottom two, from the prime suspect.

4. Documents Documents as Evidence Because no two people have the same handwriting it is individual evidence. However, a person’s physical and emotional well-being can alter an individual’s writing.

5. Documents Handwriting Development As an individual matures, their handwriting becomes subconscious and habitual shapes sand patterns distinguish it from others. When children first learn to write, their handwriting is similar, with differences based on skill. Basic patterns are set for most people by young adulthood.

6. Documents Handwriting Analysis Handwriting experts may be able to make a positive identification if there are enough samples for examination and enough exemplars against to compare those samples. To determine if a signature or writing is authentic, a document examiner will generally examine 12 characteristics.

7. Documents Handwriting Analysis 1.Line quality: Are the line smooth, free flowing, and rhythmic or or shaky, nervous, and wavering? 2.Spacing of words and letters: Is the spacing between the words letters consistent between exemplar and known document? 3.Ratio of relative height, width, and size of letters: Are they consistent between exemplar and known document? 4.Pen lifts and separations: Check to see how writer stops to form new letters. Forgers may have pen lifts or separarions in unusual places.

8. Documents 5.Connecting strokes: Compare how capital letters are connected lower case letters and how strokes connect between letters and words. 6.Beginning and ending strokes: Compare how a writer begins and ends a word. Are they straight, curved, upstroke, down stroke? 7.Unusual letter formations: Does the letter have a tail or any unusual capitals? 8.Pen pressure: Individuals use different amounts of pressure when writing. Handwriting Analysis

9. Documents 9.Slant: Dose the writing slant to the left or right, or is it straight up and down? 10. Baseline habits: Does the writing tend to move upward, downward, or continue on a straight line? 11. Embellishments: Are there many fancy letters, curls, loops, circles, etc. 12. Placement of diacriticals: Check the crossing of t’s and dotting of i’s and j’s. Handwriting Analysis

10. Documents Handwriting Analysis “Graphology” Graphology is the study and analysis of handwriting especially in relation to human psychology. Graphology is based upon the following basic assertions:

11. Documents 1.When we write, the ego is active but it is not always active to the same degree. Thus influencing our handwriting. 2.When the action of writing is comparatively difficult, the writer uses those forms of letters which are simpler or more familiar. 3.Written strokes reflect both transitory and long term changes in the central nervous system such as Parkinson’s disease, drug or alcohol usage. 4.The movements and corresponding levels of muscular tension in writing are mostly outside of conscious control. Emotion, mental state, and biomechanical factors such as muscle stiffness and elasticity are reflected in a person's handwriting.

12. Documents 5.One must examine the handwriting or drawing movements by considering them as movements organized by the central nervous system and produced under biomechanical and dynamical constraints. Given these considerations, graphologists proceed to evaluate the pattern, form, movement, rhythm, quality, and consistency of the graphic stroke in terms of psychological interpretations. Such interpretations vary according to the graphological theory applied by the analyst.

13. Documents Approaches to “Graphology” This approach holds that specific stroke structures relate to personality traits. Most systems within this approach use a cluster of stroke formations, to score a specific personality trait. Systems that fall under this umbrella are: fixed signs, trait stroke, French System and Graphoanalysis. It has been described as starting from the inside, and working to the outside. 1. Integrative Graphology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphoanalysis

14. Documents In this approach a profile is constructed on the basis of form, movement and space. It has been described as starting from the outside, and working to the inside. In this approach, individual traits, such as legibility, are not assigned specific meanings, but can take on different meanings depending on the overall context. 2. Holistic Graphology

15. Documents In this approach, one looks for symbols seen in the handwriting. This can be either Major symbolism, or Minor Symbolism 3. Symbolic Analysis Major symbolism is the meaning ascribed to the stroke, as it related to the page. Minor symbolism ascribes a meaning to the stroke, depending upon the picture that the stroke draws. For example, John's Wayne’s signature shows a blackened out portion, that represents his lung cancer.

16. Documents Validity to “Graphology” Recent studies testing the validity of using handwriting for predicting personality traits have been consistently negative.

17. Documents JonBenet Ramsey Case According to the testimony of Patsy Ramsey, on December 26, 1996, she discovered her daughter missing after finding a two and half-page ransom note on the kitchen staircase, demanding $118,000 for the safe return of her daughter, which was the exact value of a bonus her husband receive earlier that year.

18. Documents Ransom Note

19. Documents Handwriting Slant Analysis

20. Documents Result of Handwriting Analysis: In handwriting analysis, it is not the similarity of the letters by themselves that is important, it is the TOTALITY of the similar letters in addition to other factors. Anyone can have a few similar traits in their handwriting, but it is not the traits alone that define authorship. The analysis must be taken as a whole, and other components such as spacing, rhythm, pressure, margins, primary zones, connecting strokes and pastosity are all part of the comparison. Patsy Ramsey has ALL of the above-mentioned traits in common with the Ransom Note writer. I have pointed out only a few of the obvious similarities, but there are many more. Patsy Ramsey was present in the house and had means, motive and opportunity to write the Ransom Note. The odds of someone else with the exact same handwriting traits coming in and killing her daughter, leaving a three page ransom note and staging a crime scene are absolutely astronomical. In addition, it would be impossible to successfully forge a three-page ransom note in Patsy’s unique handwriting. That type of forgery has been tried in various experiments, and has failed. Together, the handwriting analysis and linguistic analysis give one result. Patsy Ramsey is the author of the Ransom Note.

21. Documents Ink Ink can be studied with Chromatography. Chromatography is a simple procedure where a solvent is used to separate ink into basic components. It is than possible to compare a note with a certain pen. Manufacturers are “tagging” inks and changing it every year to make dating questioned documents easier.

22. Documents Spectral Comparator An indispensable tool for a document analysts the Spectral Comparator. It uses different light sources to see what the eye cannot. UV Light (ink) UV Light (paper)UV Light (watermark)