1. Discuss a scientific observation you made this weekend
Earth Science
Chapter 2
Bellwork 9-3
Discuss a scientific observation you made this weekend

2. Key concepts 1. Meaning of topography 2. Main types of landforms

3. Topography
The shape of the land which includes the area’s elevation, relief, and landforms

4. Topography
Elevation
Relief
Landforms

5. Elevation
Elevation: The height above sea level of a point on Earth’s surface
What was Lewis and Clark’s elevation when they began their journey?
At the greatest height of their journey?

6. Relief
Relief: The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area
What is the relief between the beginning of the expedition and the highest point of the expedition?

7. Landforms
Landform: a feature of topography, such as a hill or valley, formed by the processes that shape Earth’s surface.
What were some of the landforms Lewis and Clark encountered?

8. Journal Entry Pretend that you are Captain Lewis, Clark, or Sacagawea.
Write a journal entry on the day that you reached the Pacific Ocean.
Discuss the terms we have covered in your entry when you describe the amazing “topography” you have encountered on your journey.

9. Bellwork
Why do you think maps are important?

11. Development of the Earth Model
600 B.C. Greek Scientist Thales of Miletus thought the Earth was a disk in a pool of water

13. Another Greek scientist Anaximander thought the Earth was a cylinder floating in space and we were living on the top flat part!

15. Ships dipping below horizon
Aristotle
350 B.C. Greek scientist Aristotle used everyday observations to support a spherical Earth Theory
Ships dipping below horizon

17. Map: a flat model of all or part of Earth’s surface
Maps and Globes
Map: a flat model of all or part of Earth’s surface

19. Globe: a sphere that represents Earth’s entire surface

21. Maps and Globes
Maps and globes are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent topography and other features on Earth’s surface.

22. Scale
Scale relates to the distance on a map to a distance on Earth’s surface.

24. What is the difference between a map and a globe?
Bellwork
What is the difference between a map and a globe?

25. Symbols: Pictures that stand for features on Earth’s suface

26. Map Symbols

27. Key/Legend
Key or Legend: A list of all the symbols used on a map and their meaning

28. North is usually located at the top of a map
A compass helps relate the locations on the map to the Earth’s surface

29. Compass

30. Earth Reference System
Globes & maps use a grid to help measure and reference points on Earth’s surface
Two of these lines are the equator and the prime meridian

31. Equator & Prime Meridian

32. Equator: imaginary line halfway between the North and South poles.
It divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres

33. Equator

34. Prime Meridian
Prime Meridian: Makes a half circle from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through Greenwich, England

35. Prime Meridian

36. Degrees: A degree is 1/360 of the distance around a circle
Distances around the Earth are measured in degrees because the Earth is a sphere.

37. Degrees

38. Why do we measure distance around the globe in degrees?
Bellwork
Why do we measure distance around the globe in degrees?

39. What is the purpose of latitude and longitude?
Bellwork
What is the purpose of latitude and longitude?

40. Latitude and Longitude
The lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can be used to find locations anywhere on Earth

41. Latitude: the distance in degrees north or south of the equator

42. Latitude

43. Latitude The equator is the starting point
Latitude of the equator is 0
There are 90 evenly spaced parallel lines between the equator and each pole.
Between each line there are about 111 kilometers in distance

44. Longitude
Longitude: The distance in degrees east or west if the prime meridian is called longitude.

46. How to find the coordinates

47. On your own
Look at the map of the world on page 45
Find the coordinates of each city listed on the map.
Look at the example on the globe on page 45 to see how to write the coordinates.

48. Bellwork
Did you notice any pattern with the placement of the cities and the lines of latitude and longitude?

49. Map projection
Map projection: A framework of lines that helps in transferring points on Earth’s three dimensional surface onto a flat map.

50. ON your own
Read page 46-47
When you are finished I will give you instructions for the activity

51. Create a chart to show the three different types of map projections.
Make a chart
Create a chart to show the three different types of map projections.

52. Example Map projections Mercator Explanation/Drawing Equal-Area Conic

53. With a partner complete the Skills Lab on Page 48
In class activity
With a partner complete the Skills Lab on Page 48
First do the activity, then answer the questions 1-5

55. Discuss a scientific observation you have made recently.
Bellwork
Discuss a scientific observation you have made recently.

57. Some distortion of landmasses Lines do not come together at the poles
Mercator
Lines of latitude and longitude are straight and parallel, but do not make equal squares
Some distortion of landmasses
Lines do not come together at the poles

59. Only distortion is that landmasses near the edge look stretched
Equal-Area
Correctly displays the size of landmasses by displaying a flattened, oval Earth
Only distortion is that landmasses near the edge look stretched

61. Lines of longitude are straight, while lines of latitude are curved.
Conic
Lines of longitude are straight, while lines of latitude are curved.
Usually used to display parts of the Earth

63. Maps and computers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5WmvTxQF5w
Look at Google Earth

64. Map History Maps drawn by hand Explorers sketching coastlines
Surveying
Arial photos
Computer Projections from satellites

65. Ancient maps

66. Survey
Surveying: Mapmakers determine distances and elevations using instruments and the principles of geometry

67. Surveyor

68. Digitizing: map locations in number form
Computers and maps
Physical data about the Earth is gathered and stored on a computer in digitized form
Digitizing: map locations in number form

69. Computer Digitizing

70. Computers and Maps
Computers produce maps using data from many sources, including satellites and the Global Positioning System

72. Satellites
Satellite images: Satellites in space collect data about the Earth’s surface. Pictures based on these data are satellite images.

73. Pixels
Pixel: tiny dot representing a part of Earth’s surface that contains info about the brightness and color of that part.

75. Satellites
1972, the US launched a series of Landsat satellites
One of these will orbit the Earth, collect and store data about a strip of Earth, send the data to a station on Earth where it is used to create images

76. GPS
GPS: (Global Positioning System) finds locations based on latitude, longitude, and elevation points on Earth’s surface through a network of satellites

77. Complete the section assessment