1. Muscle Tissue

2. Objective: Students will be able to compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue.

3. Muscle Tissue I. Allows mammals to move II. Three Muscle Types a. Skeletal Muscle i. Attaches to the skeleton ii. Allows for motion iii. Under Voluntary Control 1. Never signals for the nervous system 2. Striated appearance under the microscope SKELETAL MUSCLE

4. b. Smooth Muscle i. Involuntary Muscle ii. Locate in many of the hollow organs 1. Including gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder and blood vessels. SMOOTH MUSCLE Smooth muscle around this artery allows the artery to regulate blood flow by shrinking and expanding.

5. c. Cardiac Muscle i. Found in the heart ii. Involuntary- muscle functions without the conscious thought of the animal. 1. Muscles continue to function at all times, including during sleep. CARDIAC MUSCLE

6. III. Myofiber a. Entire muscle cell b. Have several nuclei and large number of Mitochondria (Power House of the Cell) c. Organized in parallel rows d. Separated by connective tissue that includes blood vessels and nerves muscle fiber muscle sarcomere myofibril

7. IV. Muscle Movement- very complicated system a. Within the Fiber there is a highly organized system of myofilament exist. i. Two proteins make-up Myofilaments 1. Actin 2. Myosin ii. Organized along entire length of the cell muscle fiber muscle sarcomere myofibril myosin actin Z line

8. b. During Contraction i. Actin and Myosin slide along each other ii. Small bridges bind and release as they slide CONTRACTION RELAXATION M line myosin Z line

9. c. Contraction begins with stimulation from a nerve cell i. Stimulates the release of calcium stored in the endoplasmic reticulum ii. Flow of calcium ions cause the filaments to slide across each other iii. Energy is required 1. A large number of Mitochondria are present to supply energy iv. Relaxation 1. Cell actively transports calcium back to the endoplasmic reticulum a. Also requires energy

10. V. Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS) a. Genetically transmitted disease i. Calcium is not transported back into the endoplasmic reticulum b. Muscles DON’T relax c. Bouts of PSS occur when pigs are stressed i. Heat ii. Transportation d. Extreme muscling and leanness i. Predisposition for PSS 1. A susceptibility to a disease, arising from a hereditary or another factor

11. VI. Rigor Mortis (Muscle Stiffness) a. Occurs after death b. No energy supply to pump calcium back to endoplasmic reticulum c. Animal cannot relax and remains stiff

12. VII. Hypocalcaemia – Milk Fever a. Dairy Cows can develop a lack of calcium around calving time b. Dramatically increases the use of calcium for milk production i. Calcium levels in blood and muscles become too low c. Cow becomes weak and unable to rise d. Veterinarians treat milk fever with a calcium solution placed directly into the blood stream i. Blood carries calcium to muscle ii. Within a few minutes after treatment the affected cow often stands

13. VIII. Fine Control of Muscle Movement a. A nerve cell stimulates more than one muscle fiber i. Motor Unit is the collection of nerve cell and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. b. Fine Control involves a small number of muscle fibers i. Example- eye and larynx

14. IX. Gross movement- Example- upper leg a. Large number of fibers for each nerve cell b. The more motor units used, the more completely the muscle contracts conversely, the fewer motor units used, the less the muscle contracts. c. Muscles do get larger in response to their usage. i.Individual fibers add more myofilaments to become larger

15. d. When a muscle is not used it decreases in size. i. Inactivity ii. House pets that get little exercise iii. Limb immobilized in a cast iv. Nerve Damage- muscle Shrinks v. Example – Draft horses 1. Nerve in front shoulder damaged 2. Muscle on top of the shoulder blade shrinks 3. Condition is called a Sweeny

16. X. Cardiac muscles cells have the unique ability to initiate their own contraction. a. No nerve cell stimulation is necessary b. Pacemaker cells are responsible for establishing the rate of contraction. c. Autonomic nervous system increases or decreases the heart rate.