1. Air Pollution

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3. Sources of Primary Air Pollutants

4. Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?
Chapter 12
Primary Pollutants

5. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Source -Mainly from motor vehicles or the incomplete burning of fuels
Replaces oxygen in the blood
Causes weakness, headaches, etc.
Causes long term heart damage
Also a major health risk in cigarette smoke, even passive smoke.

6. Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx)
Source - motor vehicles and industrial processes
Major component of smog.
Respiratory irritant
Also contributes to acid rain.

7. Sulfur Dioxide (SOx) Source - Mainly from coal fired power plants
Main contributor to acid rain
Causes lung damage.
Causes damage to buildings.

8. Hydrocarbons (VOCs)
Source - incomplete burning of fossil fuels or evaporation or industry
Causes organ damage
carcinogenic
Contributor to smog.

9. Particulates Dust, Smoke, Ash, etc.
Main source is industrial processes
Some are carcinogens (asbestos)
Others are toxic (coal dust, black lung)
Various sizes, the smaller, the deadlier

10. Ozone Tri-atomic oxygen O3
Sharp smell after a short circuit or lightening
Secondary pollutant from auto emissions.
Source - when NOx and hydrocarbons (VOCs) interact with sunlight.
Toxic and corrosive.
Respiratory irritant
Major component of smog.

12. Photochemical Smog
A mixture of primary and secondary pollutants. Forms when primary pollutants interact under the influence of sunlight.
Two most destructive components:
Ozone
Peroxyacetyl Nitrates
Large cities ringed by mountains tend to have trouble with photochemical smog.

13. Ultraviolet radiation
Solar
radiation
Ultraviolet radiation NO
Nitric oxide
Photochemical smog
H2O
Water
NO2
Nitrogen
dioxide
Hydrocarbons O2
Molecular
oxygen
HNO3
Nitric acid
PANs
Peroxyacyl
nitrates
Aldehydes
(e.g., formaldehyde) O3
Ozone O
Atomic

14. Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?
Chapter 12
Smog

15. Daily Changes in Photochemical Smog

16. 40
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone 30
Parts per million 20 10 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A.M.
Noon
P.M.
Time

18. Photochemical Smog
Thermal Inversions—Warm air becomes sandwiched between two layers of cold air and acts like a lid on the valley.
Warm air cannot rise, causing smog accumulation.
Killer Smog – London deaths, 8000 more related deaths

19. Temperature Inversions
Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?
Chapter 12
Temperature Inversions

21. Control of Air Pollution
Clean Air Act
Series of detailed control requirements the federal government implements and states administer.
All sources subject to ambient air quality regulation.
New sources subject to more stringent controls.
Estimated to save $2 trillion and 230,000 lives by 2020

22. Control of Air Pollution
Industrial Activities
Scrubbers
Precipitators
Filters
Sulfur Removal
Switch to low-sulfur fuel.
Remove sulfur from fuel before use.
Scrubbing gases emitted from smokestack.

23. Regulating Air Pollution From Industry
Chapter 12
Regulating Air Pollution From Industry

24. Control of Air Pollution
U.S. regulations have pressured the automobile industry to reduce emissions.
Positive Crankcase Ventilation Valve (PCV)
Air Pollution Control Valves (APC)
Catalytic Converters
Lead-Free Fuel

25. Controlling Vehicle Emissions
Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?
Chapter 12
Controlling Vehicle Emissions

26. Health Issues

27. Lead Added to gasoline to improve performance (octane)
Toxic to blood and nervous system
City kids in the 70s were actually getting lead poisoning from the air.

28. CO Poisoning Binds with hemoglobin Keeps blood from carrying oxygen
Oxygen starvation, drowsiness, dizziness
Long term contributor to angina.

29. Emphysema Destruction of the elastic tissue of the lung.
Air sacs eventually "pop" and the lung is less efficient
Body starves for oxygen

30. Lung Cancer
Caused by air pollution, cigarette smoke, other carcinogens
Synergistic effects where the total risk is more than the sum of the parts.

32. Indoor Air Pollution

33. Indoor Pollutant Formaldehyde
Source - foam insulation and practically all other man-made materials (plywood, particle board)
Carcinogenic, toxic
Worst in mobile homes – Many of the FEMA trailers used after Katrina had to be abandoned.

34. Indoor Pollutant - Radon
Naturally occurring radioactive, but otherwise inert gas.
Leaks into basements
The radiation is carcinogenic

35. Sick-building syndrome is a set of symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, eye irritation, and dizziness, that may affect workers in modern, airtight office buildings.
Sick-building syndrome is believed to be caused by indoor air pollutants.
Sick-building syndrome is most common in hot places where buildings are tightly sealed to keep out the heat.

36. Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
Chapter 12
Asbestos
Asbestos fibers can cut and scar the lungs, causing the disease asbestosis.
Victims of the disease have more and more difficulty breathing and may eventually die of heart failure.

38. Noise pollution Decibel, based on the faintest sound people can here.
It is a log scale, each 10 decibels is a factor of 10 times more intensity

39. Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
Noise Pollution

40. Light Pollution Have you ever seen the milky way?

42. Acid Deposition
Accumulation of potential acid-forming particles on a surface.
Source - cars, factories, power plants
Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides are carried aloft by wind and form secondary pollutants (acids), and then are carried back to earth in wet (snow, rain, fog) and dry (particulate) form.

43. What Causes Acid Precipitation?
Chapter 12
Section 3 Acid Precipitation
What Causes Acid Precipitation?

44. What Causes Acid Precipitation?
Section 3 Acid Precipitation
What Causes Acid Precipitation?

45. Acid Deposition High acid levels destroy aquatic ecosystems
They also destroy buildings
Acid also deposits in our lungs, doing damage
High acid levels dissolve toxic metals into our water.

48. Acid Deposition

50. Acid Deposition—Harmful Effects - Plants
Necessary minerals dissolved away
Leaf Damage
Weakened Plant Defenses

52. International Conflict
Chapter 12
Section 3 Acid Precipitation
International Conflict

54. Factors Contributing to Acid Rain Damage

55. Damage to Aquatic Life
Acid Shock—Caused by sudden runoff of large amounts of highly acidic water, either following heavy snowmelt, or when heavy rains follow a prolonged draught.

57. Chapter 12 Notebook 1. Vocabulary list/concept map 40
2. Concept Review 20
3. Partic. Lab
4. Chapter Notes
Total