1. Cardiorespiratory Fitness

2. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment
Purpose
Determine level of fitness & set goals
Develop safe & effective exercise prescription
Document improvements
Motivation
Provide info concerning health status

3. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Health Related
Low levels
↑d risk of premature death ↑s
reduction of death from all causes
High levels
high levels of PA & better health

4. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods.
Performance depends on
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Skeletal muscles

5. Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Capacity)
Best Measure?
VO2max
O2 uptake – Pulmonary
O2 transport – Cardiac
O2 utilization - Muscular

6. Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Capacity)
VO2max
Measure
Estimate
Laboratory Tests
Field Tests

8. Measuring Aerobic Capacity
Laboratory Methods
Measures of Maximal Exercise Capacity
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
Submaximal estimations
Astrand Rhyming Nomogram
YMCA Cycle Protocol
Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

9. Linear Relationships Among VO2, HR & Workload.
Illustrate that heart rate for a given workload can be used to estimate VO2. Also mention that as workload increases, VO2 increases.

10. Measuring Aerobic Capacity
Field Methods
Distance runs
1 Mile Run
1.5 Mile Run
12 Minute Run
6 Minute Walk
Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test
Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

11. Measuring Aerobic Capacity
Field Methods
Step tests
YMCA 3-Minute Step Test
Predicting VO2max w/o exercise
VO2max = * self-reported physical activity – * age in yrs & %Fat * gender
(female = 0; male = 1)
Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

12. Measuring Aerobic Capacity Advantages/Disadvantages??
Laboratory Tests
Vs.
Field Methods
Advantages/Disadvantages??
Discuss the various laboratory and field methods of assessing aerobic capacity. Focus on the reduction in reliability and validity that occurs when field tests are used, but note that they are much more feasible for mass testing.

13. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Which test?
Time demands
Expense or costs
Personnel needed (i.e., qualifications)
Equipment & facilities needed
Physician supervision needed
Population tested (safety concerns)
Need for accuracy of data

14. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Field or Submaximal Tests advantages
Less expensive
Does not need same level of clinical supervision
Lower risk
Less sensitive & specific for disease detection
Less equipment
Generally shorter
In lab tests can assess a workload progression
Estimates of VO2

15. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Field or Submaximal Tests disadvantages
Maximum measures estimated
VO2max prediction error can be 10-20%
Limited diagnostic capabilities
Limited for exercise prescription

16. Standard Procedures (must be followed)
Standard testing protocol
Same modality & protocol – repeat testing
Constant pedal rate
Seat height
Time of day
Data collection standardized & consistent
Subjects free of infection – normal sinus rhythm
Pre test instructions
Room Temperature (64-68O) – air flow

17. Assumptions of Submax Tests
Measurements made in steady state
Linear relationship b/n HR & VO2
HRmax similar at same age
Mechanical efficiency same

18. Indications for Stopping an Exercise Test in Low-Risk Adults
Angina-like symptoms
Drop (20 mmHg) in systolic BP or a failure to rise
Excessive rise in BP
systolic pressure > 260 mmHg
diastolic pressure > 115 mmHg
Signs of poor perfusion
light-headedness, confusion, ataxia, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or cold & clammy skin

19. Indications for Stopping an Exercise Test in Low-Risk Adults
Failure of heart rate to ↑
Noticeable Δ in heart rhythm
Subject requests to stop
Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue
Failure of the testing equipment

20. Measuring Aerobic Capacity
Criterion Based Reference
Minimal levels of aerobic capacity associated with a reduced risk of disease & death
Females = VO2max of 31.5 ml/kg/min
Males = VO2max of 35.0 ml/kg/min
Norm Based Reference

21. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Field Tests
Complete a measured distance
Distance covered in a certain time
Submaximal Tests
Step test
Single or multiple stage cycle test
HR measure
Maximal Exertion
Graded or progressive exertion to volitional fatigue (measure)

22. Pre-Test Considerations
Abstain from eating prior (>4 hrs)
Abstain from strenuous exercise (> 24 hrs)
Abstain form caffeine (>12-24 hrs)
Abstain from nicotine (> 3 hrs)
Abstain from alcohol (> 24 hrs)
Medications

23. Step Tests Queens College or McArdle Step Test
Step: ht = in for 3 min
Men: 24 steps/min;
Women: 22 steps/min
Radial pulse in 1st-5 sec, for 15 sec
Men: VO2max = – (0.42 * HR)
Women: VO2max = – ( * HR)

24. 1.5 Mile Run Record total time to complete 1.5 miles
VO2max = /time
Time in nearest hundredth of min

25. 12 Min Walk/Run Cover maximum distance in 12 min
VO2max = (3.126 * meters)

26. Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Advantages
Non-weight bearing
Accurate workloads
Easy to measure HR & BP
Cost is lower than treadmill
Requires smaller space
No electricity needed

27. Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Disadvantages
Non-familiar work mode
Must maintain cadence
Leg fatigue

28. Submaximal Prediction of CRF - Assumptions
B/n HR of
HRmax = 220-age
Steady State
Constant cadence

29. Submaximal Prediction of CRF – Sources of Error
HRmax
Efficiency
Calibration
Accurate measurement of HR
HR at steady state

30. Cycle Ergometer Protocols (other)
Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test
Single Stage Test – 6 minutes
Males – unconditioned: 300 or 600 kgm/min (50 or 100 watts)
Males – conditioned: 600 or 900 kgm/min (100 or 150 watts)
Females – unconditioned: 300 or 450 kgm/min (50 or 75 watts)
Females – conditioned: 450 or 600 kgm/min (75 or 100 watts)

31. Cycle Ergometer Protocols (other)
Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test (cont)
50 rpm
Goal – HR b/n 125 to 170 – measured during 5th & 6th minutes – average the 2 HRs for nomogram
Nomogram – page 73 (Figure 4-1)
Age adjustment – page 72

32. Treadmill Testing Not usually used for submaximal testing
Range of efficiencies is so high
Would not recommend – but can be done

33. Step Tests Astrand-Rhyming YMCA Protocol
Single step height – 33 cm for women, 40 cm for men
Rate = 22.5 steps/min for 6 minutes
YMCA Protocol
12 in – 24 steps/min
1 min - Recovery heart rate

34. Field Tests Rockport 1-mile walk Test 1.5-mile run test HR at end
VO2max (ml/kg/min) = – 0.17 (body mass in kg) – 0.39 (age in yrs) (gender) (time in min) – 0.16 (HR)
1.5-mile run test
VO2max (ml/kg/min) = /(time in min)