1. How to start using SAS

2. The topics An overview of the SAS system
Reading raw data/ create SAS data set
Combining SAS data sets & Match merging SAS Data Sets
Formatting data
Introduce some simple regression procedure
Summary report procedures

3. Basic Screen Navigation
Main:
Editor
contains the SAS program to be submitted.
Log
contains information about the processing of the SAS program, including any warning and error messages
Output
contains reports generated by SAS procedures and DATA steps
Side:
Explore
navigate to other objects like libraries
Results
navigate your Output window

4. SAS programs
A SAS program is a sequence of steps that the user submits for execution.
Data steps are typically used to create SAS data sets
PROC steps are typically used to process SAS data sets (that is, generate reports and graphs, edit data, sort data and analyze data

5. SAS Data Libraries
A SAS data library is a collection of SAS files that are recognized as a unit by SAS
A SAS data set is one type of SAS file stored in a data library
Work library is temporary library, when SAS is closed, all the datasets in the Work library are deleted; create a permanent SAS dataset via your own library.
- SAS use data libraries to store data sets.
- You can think of a SAS data library as a drawer in a filling cabinet and a SAS data set as one of the file folders in the drawer.
- The Work library is temporary. When SAS is closed, all the datasets in the Work library are deleted. if you want to save a dataset to continue to work with it later, create a permanent SAS dataset via a library.

6. SAS Data Libraries
Identify SAS data libraries by assigning each a library reference name (libref) with LIBNAME statement
LIBNAME libref “file-folder-location”;
Eg: LIBNAME readData 'C:\temp\sas class\readData‘;
Rules for naming a libref:
The name must be 8 characters or less
The name must begin with a letter or underscore
The remaining characters must be letters, numbers or underscores.

7. Reading raw data set into SAS system
In order to create a SAS data set from a raw data file, you must
Start a DATA step and name the SAS data set being created (DATA statement)
Identify the location of the raw data file to read (INFILE statement)
Describe how to read the data fields from the raw data file (INPUT statement)

8. Reading external raw data file into SAS system
LIBNAME readData 'C:\temp\sas class\readData‘;
DATA readData.wa80;
INFILE “k:\census\stf2_wa80.txt”;
SUMRYLVL COUNTY $3.
@253 TABA1 TABA1 9.0;
RUN;
The LIBNAME statement assigns a libref ‘readData ’ to a data library.
The DATA statement creates a permanent SAS data set named ‘wa80’.
The INFILE statement points to a raw data file.
The INPUT statement
- name the SAS variables
- identify the variables as character or numeric ($ indicates character data)
- specify the locations of the fields in the raw data
- can be specified as column, formatted, list, or named input
The RUN statement detects the end of a step
You identify SAS data libraries by assigning each a library reference name (libref).
The name must be 8 characters or less, must begin with a letter or underscore and the remaining characters must be letters, numbers, or underscores.

9. Example 1 Reading raw data separated by spaces
/* Create a SAS permanent data set named HighLow1;
Read the data file temperature1.dat using listing input */
DATA readData.HighLow1;
INFILE ‘C:\sas class\readData\temperature1.dat’;
INPUT City $ State $ NormalHigh NormalLow
RecordHigh RecordLow;
RUN;
/* The PROC PRINT step creates a isting report of the readData.HighLow1 data set */
PROC PRINT DATA = readData.highlow1;
TITLE ‘High and Low Temperatures for July’;
temperature1.dat:
Nome AK
Miami FL
Raleign NC

10. Example 2 Reading multiple lines of raw data per observation
temperature2.dat:
/* Read the data file using line pointer, slash(/) and pount-n (#n).
The slash(/) indicates next line, the #n means to go to the n line for that observation. Slash(/) can be replaced by #2 here */
DATA readData.highlow2;
INFILE ‘C:\sas class\readData\temperature2.dat’;
INPUT City $ State $
/ NormalHigh NormalLow
#3 RecordHigh RecordLow;
PROC PRINT DATA = readData.highlow2;
TITLE ‘High and Low Temperatures for July’;
RUN;
Nome AK
55 44
88 29
Miami FL
90 75
97 65
Raleign NC
88 68
105 50

11. Example 3 Reading multiple observations per line of raw data
temperature3.dat:
Nome AK Miami FL Raleign NC 88
/* To read multiple observations per line of raw data,use double railing at signs at the end of INPUT statement */
DATA readData.highlow3;
INFILE ‘C:\sas class\readData\temperature3.dat’;
INPUT City $ State $ NormalHigh NormalLow RecordHigh RecordLow
PROC PRINT DATA = readData.highlow3;
TITLE ‘High and Low Temperatures for July’;
RUN;
When you have multiple observations per line of raw data, you can use double railing at signs at the end of your INPUT statement.

12. Reading external raw data file into SAS system
Reading raw data arranged in columns
INPUT FILEID $ 1-5 RECTYP $ 6-9 SUMRYLVL $ URBARURL $ SMSACOM $ 14-15;
Reading raw data mixed in columns
INPUT FILEID $ SUMRYLVL $ TABA1 9.0
@271 TABA1 9.0;
/* is the column pointer, where n is the number of the column SAS should move to. The $w. reads standard character data, and w.d reads standard numeric data, where w is the total width and d is the number of decimal places. */

13. Reading Delimited or PC Database Files with the IMPORT Procedure
If your data file has the proper extension, use the simplest form of the IMPORT procedure:
PROC IMPORT DATA FILE = ‘filename’ OUT = data-set
Type of File Extension DBMS Identifier
Comma-delimited csv CSV
Tab-delimited txt TAB
Excel xls EXCEL
Lotus Files wk1, .wk3, .wk WK1,WK3,WK4
Delimiters other than commas or tabs DLM
Examples:
1. PROC IMPORT DATAFILE=‘c:\temp\sale.csv’ OUT=readData.money; RUN;
2. PROC IMPORT DATAFILE=‘c:\temp\bands.xls’ OUT=readData.music; RUN;

14. Reading Files with the IMPORT Procedure
If your file does not have the proper extension, or your file is of type with delimiters other than commas or tabs, then you must use the DBMS= and DELIMITER= option
PROC IMPORT DATAFILE = ‘filename’ OUT = data-set
DBMS = identifier;
DELIMITER = ‘delimiter-character’;
RUN;
Example:
PROC IMPORT DATAFILE = ‘C:\sas class\readData\import2.txt’ OUT =readData.sasfile DBMS =DLM;
DELIMITER = ‘&’;

15. Format in SAS data set Standard Formats (selected):
Character: $w.
Date, Time and Datetime:
DATEw., MMDDYYw., TIMEw.d, ……
Numeric: COMMAw.d, DOLLARw.d, ……
Use FORMAT statement
PROC PRINT DATA=sales;
VAR Name DateReturned CandyType Profit;
FORMAT DateReturned DATE9. Profit DOLLAR 6.2;
RUN; 15

16. Format in SAS data set Create your own custom formats with two steps:
Create the format using PROC FORMAT and VALUE statement.
Assign the format to the variable using FORMAT statement.
General form of a simple PROC FORMAT steps:
PROC FORMAT;
VALUE name range-1=‘formatted-text-1’
range-2=‘formatted-text-2’ ……;
RUN;
The name in VALUE statement is the name of the format you are creating, which can’t be longer than eight characters, must not start or end with a number. If the format is for character data, it must start with a $.
Create our own custom formats when you use a lot of coded data.
Formats can remind you of the meaning behind the category. Note that formats do not change the actual value of the variable, just how it’s displayed. 16

17. Format in SAS data set Exmaple:
/* Step1: Create the format for certain variables */
PROC FORMAT;
VALUE genFmt 1 = 'Male'
2 = 'Female';
VALUE money
low-<25000='Less than 25,000'
='25,000 to 50,000'
50000<-high='More than 50,000';
VALUE $codeFmt
'FLTA1'-'FLTA3'='Flight Attendant'
'PILOT1'-'PILOT3'='Pilot';
RUN;
/* Step2: Assign the variables */
DATA fmtData.crew1;
SET fmtData.crew;
FORMAT Gender genFmt. Salary money. JobCode $codeFmt.;
If the format is for character data, it must start with a $ 17

18. Format in SAS data set Permanently store formats in a SAS catalog by
Creating a format catalog file with LIB in PROC FORMAT statement
Setting the format search options
Example:
LIBNAME class ‘C:\sas class\Format’;
OPTIONS FMTSEARCH=(fmtData.fmtvalue); RUN;
PROC FORMAT LIB=fmtData.fmtvalue;
VALUE genFmt 1 = ‘Male’ 2=‘Female’;
RUN; 18

19. Combining SAS Data Sets: Concatenating and Interleaving
Use the SET statement in a DATA step to concatenate SAS data sets.
Use the SET and BY statements in a DATA step to interleave SAS data sets.

20. Combining SAS Data Sets: Concatenating and Interleaving
General form of a DATA step concatenation:
DATA SAS-data-set;
SET SAS-data-set1 SAS-data-set2 …;
RUN;
Example:
DATA stack.allEmp;
SET stack.emp1 stack.emp2 stack.emp3;

21. Combining SAS Data Sets: Concatenating and Interleaving
General form of a DATA step interleave:
DATA SAS-data-set;
SET SAS-data-set1 SAS-data-set2 …;
BY BY-variable;
RUN;
Sort all SAS data set first by using PROC SORT
Example:
PROC SORT data=stack.emp2 OUT=stack.emp2_sorted; BY Salary; RUN;
DATA stack.allEmp;
SET stack.emp1 stack.emp2 stack.emp3;
BY salary;

22. Match-Merging SAS Data Sets
One-to-one match merge
One-to-many match merge
Many-to-many match merge
The SAS statements for all three types of match merge are identical in the following form:
DATA new-data-set;
MERGE data-set-1 data-set-2 data-set-3 …;
BY by-variable(s); /* indicates the variable(s) that control
which observations to match */
RUN;

23. Merging SAS Data Sets: A More Complex Example
Example: Merge two data sets acquire the names of the group team that is scheduled to fly next week.
combData.employee combData.groupsched
EmpID
LastName
E00632
Strauss
E01483
Lee
E01996
Nick
E04064
Waschk
EmpID
FlightNum
E04064
5105
E0632
5250
E01996
5501
/* To match-merge the data sets by common variables - EmpID, the data sets must be ordered by EmpID */ PROC SORT data=combData.Groupsched; BY EmpID; RUN;

24. Merging SAS Data Sets: A More Complex Example
/* simply merge two data sets */
DATA combData.nextweek;
MERGE combData.employee combData.groupsched;
BY EmpID;
RUN;
EmpID
LastJName
FlightNum
E00632
Strauss
5250
E01483
Lee
E01996
Nick
5501
E04064
Waschk
5105

25. Merging SAS Data Sets: A More Complex Example
Eliminating Nonmatches
Use the IN= data set option to determine which dataset(s) contributed to the current observation.
General form of the IN=data set option:
SAS-data-set (IN=variable)
Variable is a temporary numeric variable that has two possible values:
0 indicates that the data set did not contribute to the current observation.
1 indicates that the data set did contribute to the current observation.

26. Merging SAS Data Sets: A More Complex Example
/*Exclude from the data set employee who are scheduled to fly next week. */
LIBNAME combData “K:\sas class\merge”;
DATA combData.nextweek;
MERGE combData.employee
combData.groupsched (in=InSched);
BY EmpID;
IF InSched=1; True
RUN;
EmpID
LastJName
FlightNum
E00632
Strauss
5250
E01996
Nick
5501
E04064
Waschk
5105

27. Merging SAS Data Sets: A More Complex Example
/* Find employees who are not in the flight scheduled group. */
LIBNAME combData “K:\sas class\merge”;
DATA combData .nextweek;
MERGE combData .employee (in=InEmp)
combData.groupsched (in=InSched);
BY EmpID;
IF InEmp=1; True
IF InSched=0; False
RUN;
EmpID
LastJName
FlightNum
E01483
Lee

28. Different Types of Merges in SAS
One-to-Many Merging
Work.two
Work.one X E 1 A1 A2 2 B1 3 C1 C2 X Y 1 A 2 B 3 C
Work.three
DATA work.three; MERGE work.one work.two; BY X; RUN; X Y Z 1 A A1 A2 2 B B1 3 C C1 C2

29. Different Types of Merges in SAS
Many-to-Many Merging
Work.two
Work.one X Z 1
AA1
AA2
AA3 2
BB1
BB2 X Y 1 A1 A2 2 B1 B2
Work.three
DATA work.three; MERGE work.one work.two; BY X; RUN; X Y Z 1 A1
AA1 A2
AA2
AA3 2 B1
BB1 B2
BB2

30. Some simple regression analysis procedure
The REG Procedure
The LOGISTIC Procedure

31. The REG procedure
The REG procedure is one of many regression procedures in the SAS System.
The REG procedure allows several MODEL statements and gives additional regression diagnostics, especially for detection of collinearity. It also creates plots of model summary statistics and regression diagnostics.
PROC REG <options>;
MODEL dependents=independents </options>;
PLOT <yvariable*xvariable>;
RUN;

32. An example PROC REG DATA=water;
MODEL Water = Temperature Days Persons / VIF;
MODEL Water = Temperature Production Days / VIF;
RUN;
MODEL Water = Temperature Production Days;
PLOT STUDENT.* PREDICTED.;
PLOT STUDENT.* NPP.;
PLOT NPP.*r.;
PLOT r.*NQQ.;
the keyword NPP. or NQQ., which can be used with any of the preceding variables to construct normal P-P or Q-Q plots,

33. The LOGISTIC procedure
The binary or ordinal responses with continuous independent variables
PROC LOGISTIC < options > ;
MODEL dependents=independents < / options > ;
RUN;
The binary or ordinal responses with categorical independent variables
CLASS categorical variables < / option > ;
Binary responses (for example, success and failure), and ordinal responses (for example, normal, mild, and severe

34. Example PROC LOGISTIC data=Neuralgia; CLASS Treatment Sex;
MODEL Pain= Treatment Sex Treatment*Sex Age Duration;
RUN;

35. Overview Summary Report Procedures
PROC FREQ: produce frequency counts
PROC TABULATE: produce one- and two-dimensional tabular reports
PROC REPORT: produce flexible detail and summary reports 35

36. The FREQ Procedure
The FREQ procedure display frequency counts of the data values in a SAS data set.
General form of a simple PROC FREQ steps:
PROC FREQ DATA = SAS-data-set;
TABLE SAS-variables </options>;
RUN; 36

37. PROC FREQ DATA = class.crew ;
The FREQ Procedure
Example:
PROC FREQ DATA = class.crew ;
FORMAT JobCode $codefmt. Salary money.;
TABLE JobCode*Salary /NOCOL NOROW OUT =freqTable;
RUN; 37

38. The TABULATE Procedure
PROC TABULATE displays descriptive statistics in tabular format.
General form of a simple PROC TABULATE steps:
PROC TABULATE DATA=SAS-data-set;
CLASS class-variables;
VAR analysis-variables;
TABLE row-expression,
column-expression</options>;
RUN; 38

39. The TABULATE Procedure
Example:
TITLE 'Average Salary for Cary and Frankfurt';
PROC TABULATE DATA= class.crew FORMAT=dollar12.;
WHERE Location IN ('Cary','Frankfurt');
CLASS Location JobCode;
VAR Salary;
TABLE JobCode, Location*Salary*mean;
RUN; 39

40. The REPORT procedure
REPORT procedure combines features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures.
It enables you to
create listing reports
create summary reports
enhance reports
request separate subtotals and grand totals 40

41. The REPORT procedure Example
PROC REPORT DATA =class.crew nowd HEADLINE HEADSKIP;
COLUMN JobCode Location Salary;
DEFINE JobCode / GROUP WIDTH= 8 'Job Code';
DEFINE Location / GROUP 'Home Base';
DEFINE Salary / FORMAT=dollar10. 'Average Salary‘ MEAN ;
RBREAK AFTER / SUMMARIZE DOL;
RUN; 41