1. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato

2. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Introduction
Organic manures are valuable by-products of farming and allied industries derived from plant and animal sources
They have the advantage of supplying secondary and micronutrient along with NPK
They increase the biological activity in soil and help in nutrient cycling
Improve the soil texture, tilth and aeration, increase the water holding capacity, enrich humus and thus supplement in small quantities the loss of plant nutrients in soil

3. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
How are they different from inorganic fertilizers?
Organic manures are about 20% more expensive than their inorganic counterparts. Yet over time they are economically more viable
Organic manures improve the soil health and also contain trace nutrients other than the top three major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)
They release nutrients gradually and last longer in soil.

4. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Types of organic manures for tomato
Farmyard manure
FYM is a decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with the litter (bedding material) and left-over material from roughages or fodder fed to the cattle. On an average, it contains 0.5% N, 0.2% P2O5 and 0.5% K2O
Well rotten FYM should be applied (approx.20 tonnes/ha) at the time of field preparation before one month of transplanting
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5. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
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6. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Types of organic manures for tomato
Compost
Rural compost uses crop residues and cattle dung and urine, while urban compost uses city refuse like kitchen wastes, industrial wastes, waste materials from vegetable markets etc. as the raw materials
The exact quantity depends on the percentage of nutrients available and the proportion of nutrients to be supplied
Vermicompost (2 % nitrogen) is applied at the rate of 1tonne/ha and remaining nitrogen is applied by other sources
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7. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Types of organic manures for tomato
Oilcakes
Oilcakes contain not only nitrogen (4-5%), but also some phosphorus and potassium, along with a large proportion of organic matter
Before application, oilcakes should be well-powdered to facilitate their application and decomposition by soil microorganisms
Oil cakes are applied in the soil at the time of land preparation
Around 1-2 tonne oilcakes are applied in one hectare area
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8. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
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9. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Types of organic manures for tomato
Green manure
About tonnes of leguminous green manures (Dhaincha, sunhemp, cowpea, cluster bean etc.) are incorporated in the field during rainy season
The raised green manure crop is ploughed in the field during rainy season
After decomposition in the field it adds kg nitrogen in one hectare area.
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10. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Dhaincha
Sunhemp
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11. Organic manures as a component of INM in Tomato
Let us sum up
Organic manure are derived from living or dead organisms and not manufactured through chemicals
Organic manures provide the best nutrients and minerals for a healthy crop because they are naturally occurring
They provide almost all the nutrients therefore the performance of crop becomes better
Improve soil health that is helpful for sustainable production
Organic manures release nutrients slowly, for longer period and leaching losses are less