1. Client Logo Colombo 08 August 2008 GSM-ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE Evidence for Policy Making: Some Data: on International Calling, Roaming, mobile prices, international calling @BOP Helani Galpaya - galpaya@lirne.net

2. 1 Look at some data for:  International Calling (IDD)  International Roaming  Mobile Prices  Performance of Pakistan’s Mobile sector  What we know about the BOP  Broadband Prices

3. 2 International Calling  From the SAARC Region

4. 3 The best rates not necessarily for calling the neighbors.. SAARCSouth East AsiaEast AsiaAus.EuropeUSA Calling From Calling to Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Malaysia Singapore Thailand China Hong Kong Japan Australia France Germany Italy Sweden Switzerland UK US Afghanistan 0.49 0.54 BangladeshPeak 0.38 0.29 0.380.290.38 0.43 0.38 Off-peak 0.29 0.25 0.290.250.29 0.34 0.29 BhutanPeak -0.59 0.310.59 0.980.590.480.790.590.790.590.79 0.59 Off-peak -0.59 0.310.59 0.980.590.480.790.590.790.590.79 0.59 India 0.22 0.15 0.220.150.220.15 Maldives 0.700.300.550.30 0.460.30 0.270.230.270.230.270.30 0.38 0.70 NepalPeak 0.36 0.290.36 0.73 Off-peak 0.36 0.220.36 0.73 Pakistan 0.290.120.290.160.29 0.120.030.120.03 0.120.03 Sri Lanka 0.740.320.560.140.230.32 0.10 0.320.10 0.14 0.230.140.23 0.140.10 Pakistan: Cheapest rate = USD 0.03 (to US, China, France..etc) But Cheapest rate to SAARC country = : USD 0.12 (to BD) 4x more expensive Pakistan: Cheapest rate = USD 0.03 (to US, China, France..etc) But Cheapest rate to SAARC country = : USD 0.12 (to BD) 4x more expensive

5. 4 International Roaming

6. 5 Can be priced for different “activities” while roaming..  Make a call to a local number (a number in the home country)  Receiving a call  Call home  Receive SMS  Send SMS  Call another international number  Use Data services (GPRS, HSPA etc)

7. 6 Making a Local Call while roaming varies from USD 0.16 – 4.95 Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hong Kong Indonesia India Japan Korea Laos Macau MalaysiaMaldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Zealand New Caledonia Pakistan Palau PNG Philippines Reunion Samoa Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Vietnam Australia 0.71 0.491.870.341.620.821.511.162.110.880.771.121.940.680.320.431.120.280.831.011.940.580.640.581.120.540.770.430.371.122.710.540.41 Bangladesh 0.440.60 1.440.281.190.700.290.451.120.540.360.510.160.421.050.420.280.250.300.290.620.37 Bhutan 0.940.39 0.281.200.480.510.490.170.220.350.280.63 Brunei 1.382.07 0.831.38 2.410.752.410.451.382.410.620.671.38 2.410.371.380.33 Cook Islands 2.110.602.11 1.41 2.11 1.41 2.11 - - - -1.412.11 1.41--2.11 Fiji 1.030.53 0.450.532.610.740.440.280.630.290.340.45 Fr. Polynesia 0.800.841.321.12 0.341.510.690.640.341.320.550.340.550.430.360.801.060.55 Honk Kong 0.721.340.481.780.350.530.391.341.051.040.85 0.561.580.780.580.540.530.320.190.821.080.671.400.621.040.330.970.42 0.360.840.650.40 India 0.710.660.501.580.53 0.66 0.530.580.390.210.530.740.500.66-0.320.660.260.370.390.660.39 Japan 0.73 0.69 0.73 0.69 0.73 0.460.730.69 0.73 4.401.190.690.730.690.730.69 Korea 0.881.21 0.73 0.720.480.460.581.210.35 0.73 0.631.210.730.911.21 0.630.461.210.580.630.91 Macau 1.050.660.330.530.450.830.340.571.490.560.340.44 0.340.350.830.634.610.630.320.550.420.350.830.32 Malaysia 2.371.191.481.043.261.191.481.04 2.961.631.481.931.63 1.932.821.931.481.781.041.930.741.481.041.191.48 Maldives 1.270.621.920.850.370.631.630.650.380.37 0.350.580.430.86 Mongolia 0.751.280.720.880.370.621.630.720.380.450.370.24 0.480.370.340.460.380.850.44 Nepal 0.600.401.440.280.430.290.501.380.480.300.21 0.450.280.260.370.66 New Zealand 1.340.670.420.630.951.511.271.020.390.771.720.770.740.530.770.74 0.630.740.700.350.880.600.490.420.913.341.370.35 Pakistan 0.901.490.901.490.90 1.490.90 4.950.90 1.49 0.90 Philippines 2.621.31 1.751.312.621.31 1.751.31 Sri Lanka 1.911.45 4.220.822.671.450.821.454.220.461.021.911.451.020.820.461.910.461.45 0.82 1.451.02

8. 7 Making a local call while roaming in S Asia is unpredictable. Cheap in SE & E Asia. Expensive from Pacific Islands/AU/NZ expensive. Classification of Local Calling by roaming country High Low High Level of Discrimination in price offered (standard deviation) Average Price Paid by Roaming Customer Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Maldives, Sri Lanka Pakistan Cambodia, Laos Brunei Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Myanmar French Polynesia, Guam, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Reunion, Tonga Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand New Caledonia, Samoa, Vanuatu Mongolia China, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Taiwan Korea, Macau

9. 8 Receiving a call while roaming: Distance Charge Only – USD 5.84 Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hong Kong Indonesia India Japan Korea Laos Macau MalaysiaMaldives Mongolia Nepal New Zealand New Calcedonia Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Reunion Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Vietnam Australia 0.58 0.491.870.340.330.820.341.030.340.880.860.951.12-0.320.430.950.19-0.841.12-0.36-0.95-0.860.430.370.95--- Bangladesh 0.880.65 1.640.630.621.080.590.512.010.380.740.780.490.720.410.530.570.540.600.670.910.29 Bhutan Free0.39 0.281.84Free0.510.230.170.220.350.280.63 Brunei 1.722.41 2.211.72 2.761.792.762.651.382.762.832.611.721.382.762.161.721.79 Cook Islands 0.70 - - -- Fiji 0.610.76 1.191.473.500.761.161.170.610.761.070.76 French Polynesia 1.463.471.462.59 2.404.931.463.011.46 2.952.613.062.993.432.051.46 Honk Kong 2.631.992.313.361.342.451.001.582.221.582.11 2.023.951.01 1.940.801.77 1.791.691.971.951.541.342.021.181.731.351.851.541.01 India - AirTel 1.14 - India - Reliance 0.581.310.421.581.31 0.290.390.321.31 As Appl icabl e?0.501.31 As Appl icabl e1.310.26 As Appl icabl e1.310.661.31 Japan 0.73- -0.69--0.730.69 0.73 --0.69-0.73- -- 4.401.190.69- 0.730.69 - Macau 0.341.781.571.770.602.070.501.143.520.540.551.68 1.061.581.261.595.841.241.001.101.660.901.501.24 Malaysia 2.371.191.481.043.261.191.481.04 2.961.631.481.931.63 1.932.821.931.481.781.041.930.741.481.041.191.48 Maldives 0.310.702.471.930.310.650.732.650.310.650.69 0.820.810.771.13 Mongolia 1.730.791.701.781.041.263.110.790.661.561.331.35 1.21 1.261.511.291.801.29 Nepal 0.500.402.160.280.430.290.232.120.000.300.32 0.270.280.260.370.66 New Zealand 0.70 Philippines 2.621.31 1.751.312.621.31 1.751.31 Singapore 1.764.59 2.474.59 1.763.53 2.474.59 1.414.59 2.474.59 2.474.59 1.76 4.59 Sri Lanka 1.801.28 4.120.722.581.280.721.284.120.350.931.801.280.930.720.351.800.351.28 0.72 1.280.93

10. 9 Receiving a call: S Asian operators charge different prices based on the customer’s home country. They also charge higher prices. Classification of Incoming Call by roaming country High Low High Level of Discrimination in price offered (standard deviation) Average Price Paid by Roaming Customer Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal Pakistan Afghanistan Tonga Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam Brunei Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand Fiji, French Polynesia, Macau, Palau, Papua New Reunion Australia, Cook Island, Guam, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu Macau, Mongolia Hong Kong SAR, Taiwan Korea China

11. 10 Calling Home can be expensive: USD 0.32 – 11.16. MV roaming in AU 11.16 but AU roaming in MV 2.71….reciprocity? can Afghanistan American Samoa Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hong Kong Indonesia India Japan KoreaLaos Macau MalaysiaMaldives Marshall Islands Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Zealand New Calcedonia PakistanPalau Papua New Guinea Philippines Reunion Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Timor Leste Tonga Vanuatu Vietnam Australia 2.582.69 0.953.091.293.603.382.912.922.511.511.891.943.532.170.811.621.942.714.372.533.531.920.421.171.942.831.891.943.661.051.943.881.061.22 Bangladesh 1.612.43 2.163.101.771.461.771.942.263.011.423.071.560.423.440.673.342.102.011.541.670.73 Bhutan ?? 1.922.392.52??????? Brunei 2.073.10 2.602.413.10 2.423.101.752.073.101.100.673.102.073.101.572.410.76 Cook Islands 5.27-0.605.27 3.16 5.27 3.16 5.27 - - - - -3.16-5.27 3.16-- Fiji 3.381.80 3.134.242.614.571.772.891.881.972.400.79 French Polynesia 5.253.433.001.99 2.583.022.082.003.531.87 4.012.324.142.992.291.496.67 Honk Kong 2.392.600.832.941.141.790.854.481.864.321.47 3.703.191.941.732.510.941.621.984.961.522.343.601.062.082.014.041.433.571.111.763.761.20 India - Reliance 1.872.760.392.372.76 3.421.742.712.763.791.002.76-3.762.761.452.081.581.791.58 Japan 3.491.65 2.573.491.611.65 1.613.491.65 1.152.571.61 3.49 1.65 2.571.658.085.321.612.571.613.491.61 3.492.57 Macau 1.621.093.241.790.811.670.702.474.493.061.15 2.683.510.523.381.128.062.532.302.343.601.072.011.08 Malaysia 1.781.190.742.670.891.781.330.74 2.671.331.191.33 0.891.190.741.330.441.190.740.892.670.89 Maldives ### 0.933.173.502.813.583.302.543.293.85 3.802.923.052.32 Mongolia 3.149.311.343.641.982.693.303.841.631.784.013.47 0.374.812.504.913.022.291.31 Nepal 2.200.292.162.212.471.510.502.802.042.603.22 0.323.222.042.431.79 New Zealand 5.411.191.482.073.832.712.672.742.004.923.482.422.251.271.722.92 2.071.191.412.743.161.904.111.721.831.693.161.19 Pakistan 2.252.991.492.992.25 3.202.253.491.493.492.25 4.953.49 2.32.991.492.31.49 Singapore 1.764.59 2.474.59 1.763.53 2.474.59 1.414.59 2.474.59 2.474.59 1.76 4.59 Vanuatu 2.10

12. 11 Calling home: Classification of Outgoing Call to Home Country, by roaming country High Low High Level of Discrimination in price offered (standard deviation) Average Price Paid by Roaming Customer Indonesia, Laos, Philippines Brunei Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Cambodia, Malaysia Maldives, Nepal Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan Australia, French Polynesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Reunion, Vanuatu Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Timor Leste American Samoa, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands Mongolia China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea Macau, Taiwan Afghanistan, Bhutan, India Guam, Marshall Islands, Tong

13. 12 Sending an SMS: up to USD 1.58 Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hong Kong Indonesia India Japan Korea Laos Macau MalaysiaMaldives Mongolia Nepal New Zealand New Calcedonia Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Reunion Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Vietnam Australia 0.58 0.200.460.340.170.340.500.560.460.320.56 0.280.320.430.560.290.34 0.560.280.300.410.560.360.560.310.210.560.950.360.18 Bangladesh 0.370.34 0.330.280.120.290.380.150.460.230.130.340.250.210.350.200.170.250.220.160.350.15 Bhutan 0.360.16 0.360.490.280.250.240.210.260.250.150.36 Brunei 0.52 0.66 0.520.660.52 0.660.52 Cook Islands 0.56 - - -- Fiji 0.330.38 0.590.140.690.430.440.490.390.290.340.24 French Polynesia 0.440.340.430.61 0.440.610.280.360.43 0.280.270.320.310.180.440.370.38 Guam 0.25 India - AirTel 0.64 - India - Reliance 0.580.530.180.390.53 0.580.340.370.530.290.260.530.210.530.26 0.530.370.53 Japan 0.92 Macau 0.400.220.330.320.310.300.440.100.610.320.340.44 1.580.440.290.920.440.260.320.300.190.470.19 Malaysia 0.59 0.300.59 Maldives 0.390.170.380.280.390.170.530.30 0.38 0.230.270.320.39 Mongolia 0.630.530.300.430.570.210.810.450.380.160.54 0.240.41 0.400.260.480.19 Nepal 0.500.160.330.000.280.380.100.570.280.300.36 0.23 0.26 0.38 New Zealand 0.56 Philippines 0.660.55 0.660.55 Singapore 1.06 0.711.06 Sri Lanka 0.42 0.210.42 0.210.740.42 0.210.420.21

14. 13 Sending SMS: ASEAN countries offering lower rates on average Classification of Outgoing SMS by roaming country High Low High Level of Discrimination in price offered (standard deviation) Average Price Paid by Roaming Customer Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Malaysia, Singapore Thailand Maldives, Nepal Bangladesh, Pakistan Bhutan, Sri Lanka Guam, Papua New Guinea, Reunion, Tonga Fiji, French Polynesia, New Zealand, Palau Australia, Cook Island, Vanuatu Mongolia China, Japan Macau, Taiwan Afghanistan, India New Caledonia Hong Kong SAR

15. 14 Some consistency irrespective of type of call/SMS. E.g. Many SE Asian countries repeatedly in Lower Left Quadrant (cheap, don’t discriminate). Many E Asian countries in left column (cheap) Countries falling into same quadrant at least 67% of the instances High Low High Level of Discrimination in price offered (standard deviation) Average Price Paid by Roaming Customer Maldives Mongolia Nepal Palau Papua New Guinea Reunion Brunei Korea Macau Pakistan American Samoa China Indonesia Japan Malaysia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vanuatu Vietnam Afghanistan Fiji

16. 15 The EU Directive on Roaming has eliminated the variability of prices paid by customers (when roaming in the EU) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK USA Asia-Pacific Other countries Belgium 0.59 1.101.202.00 Bulgaria 0.73 4.41 Cyprus 0.35 1.18 0.59- 1.181.18 Czech Republic 0.69 4.002.25 Estonia 0.58 1.31 0.14- 1.40 0.14- 2.43 Finland 0.60 2.95 Germany 0.58 1.492.99 Greece 0.55 0.771.19 0.71- 1.19 Ireland 0.59 1.593.19 Lithuania 0.57 0.88 0.20- 1.33 0.14- 1.41 Luxembourg 0.53 3.314.09 Malta 0.58 1.17 1.40- 2.10 1.86- 2.10 Netherlands 0.58 1.752.25 Romania 0.49 0.680.76 0.68- 0.76 Slovakia 0.65 2.713.89 Spain 0.57 1.733.82 Sweden 0.58 0.500.580.500.58 0.500.58 1.031.27 1.03- 1.90 UK 0.35 1.370.851.99

17. 16 What do we know about the BOP & International calls?  Some data for LIRNEasia Teleuse@BOP survey

18. 17 Majority @ the BOP has access; but ownership of phones is low South AsiaSouth East Asia PakistanIndiaSri LankaPhilippinesThailand % who have Used phone in last 3 months 98%94%92%93%95% PakistanIndiaSri Lanka Philippin es Thailan d Don’t own a phone 63.6%80.7%59.0%38.0%18.0% Most users @ the BOP are non-owners

19. 18 Mostly local calling @ the BOP. But some International from LK and PH. Migrant workers? 1.5 million expat workers from Sri Lanka Mostly in the Middle East 840,000 women and 660.000 men separated from their families…talking? 1.5 million expat workers from Sri Lanka Mostly in the Middle East 840,000 women and 660.000 men separated from their families…talking?

20. 19 Profiling the BOP International Caller  Sri Lanka: Primarily RURAL FEMALES –With primary & secondary education –Aged 25 – 54  Philippines: Mostly URBAN MALES –With higher levels of education –Below 34  Sri Lanka: trained & untrained laborers (25 %); Farmers / agricultural workers (16%); Housewives (13%)  Philippines: mostly housewives (32%), those employed in services (18%) or unemployed (17%)

21. 20 More international calls made by females

22. 21 BOP International Calls are made from Rural Sri Lanka. But urban Philippines

23. 22 Most international calls made by those under 44 in Sri Lanka. But younger (under 34) in the Philippines

24. 23 Slightly higher level of educational attainment in the Philippines than in Sri Lanka

25. 24 What phones do the BOP use to call? Public phones in S Asia. Communal use (sharing with friends/family) in S E Asia.

26. 25 For non-owners, affordability is the biggest barrier to getting connected

27. 26 The BOP thinks the initial cost of getting the connection (phone + activation etc) are not affordable Expected Costs > Ability to pay

28. 27 But recurring costs (call charges per month) are in line with affordability At USD 5 ARPU, a profitable potential market E.g. Till recently S Asian operators were on USD 3- 4 ARPU, and ~ 50% + EBITDA margins At USD 5 ARPU, a profitable potential market E.g. Till recently S Asian operators were on USD 3- 4 ARPU, and ~ 50% + EBITDA margins

29. 28 Many planned to purchase a phone (by 2008). 115 million new connections, not counting 2 nd SIM cards

30. 29 They planned to get new mobile phones mostly. Not fixed phones (except in Sri Lanka)

31. 30 Low internet awareness…

32. 31 Equally low internet usage… PakistanIndiaSri LankaPhilippinesThailand Respondents at the BOP who have Used the Internet 1.9%0.3%1.5%8.8%10.4% ….huge opportunity for mobile data services??

33. 32 Thank you. More at www.lirneasia.netwww.lirneasia.net

34. 33 Broadband Prices

35. 34 Annual leased line and BB prices, March 2008 (excluding installation charges, discounts) Country 2 2Mbps, 2km DPLC 3 (p.a 4 ) 2Mbps, 100km DPLC 5 (p.a) 2Mbps broadband business connection (p.a) 6 256kbps broadband business connection (p.a) 6 256kbps broadband residential connection (p.a) 6 Afghanistan12,000 7 N/O 8 N/O Nepal55,393 9 2,760,290 9 57,385 10 8,608 10 6,695 10 Bangladesh23,393 11 N/O 8,016 12 2,680 13 Pakistan49 14 2,437 14 N/O964 15 India432 16 4.447 16 3,779 17 241 18 379 17 Bhutan2,438 19 18,283 19 4,540 20 303 21 Sri Lanka3,249 22 6,350 23 556 24 250 25 Maldives18,803 26 40,756 27 16,619 28 2,091 29 379 30 EU average358 31 -164 31 119 31 Source: LIRNEasia research. See footnotes for specific details

36. 35 Liberalizing the IGW  Indonesia Example

37. 36 Indonesia: Even after partial IGW liberalization minutes and international revenue increased by about 100% 2004: Partial Liberalization of IGW Source: LIRNEasia research Estimate 40% of all int’l calls by-pass legal channels prior to 2004

38. 37 Mobile Prices  Example from the SAARC Region

39. 38 South Asia is offers the cheapest prices globally (Nokia TCO study). But affordability varies

40. 39 BD, IN, PK, LK consistently offering cheap prices. For prepaid and post paid

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52. 51 References, notes

53. 52 Sources & Notes: International Direct Dialing Data  Afghanistan Roshan Telecom, http://www.roshan.af/web/?page_id=472, Rates are applicable for calling both Fixed and Mobile phones  Bangladesh GrameenPhone  Bhutan Bhutan Telecom, http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=42, Prepaid package IDD rates.  India Bharti Airtel, http://www.airtel.in/Prepaid_tarrifs.aspx?path=1/6/6/2&cid=2, Prepaid package Airtel Regular IDD rates; Calls terminating on fixed lines only  Maldives Dhiraagu, http://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/beta/fixed/international_services/idd.php?country=bang  Nepal Spice Nepal, http://www.spicenepal.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33, Prepaid package IDD rates  Pakistan Mobilink GSM, http://www.mobilinkgsm.com/idd/index.php, Prepaid package Jazz Budget IDD rates; Calls terminating on fixed lines only  Sri Lanka Dialog GSM, http://www.dialog.lk/en/mobile/services/services.html, Rates are applicable for calling both Fixed and Mobile phones  Exchange rates obtained from http://finance.yahoo.com/currency on 21 May 2008.http://finance.yahoo.com/currency

54. 53 Sources: International Roaming Data  Afghanistan Roshan Telecom  American Samoa American Samoa Telecom  Australia Telstra  Bangladesh GrameenPhone  Bhutan Bhutan Telecom  Brunei B Mobile  Cambodia CamGSM  China China Mobile  Cook Islands Telecom New Zealand  Fiji Vodafone  French Polynesia Vini  Guam GuamCell  Hong kong CSL  Indonesia Telkomsel  India Bharti Airtel/Reliance Mobile  Japan NTT DoCoMo  Kiribati Telecom Services Kiribati Limited  Korea SK Telecom  Laos Lao Telecommunications  Macau 3  Malaysia Maxis  Maldives Dhiraagu  Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority  Micronesia FSMTC  Mongolia MobiCom  Myanmar MPT  Nepal Spice Nepal  New Zealand Vodafone  New Caledonia Office des Postes et Télécommunications de Nouvelle- Calédonie  Niue Telecom Niue  Norfolk Island Norfolk Telecom,  Northern Mariana Islands GuamCell  Pakistan Mobilink GSM  Palau Palau Mobile  Papua New Guinea Bee Mobile,  Philippines Globe Telecom  Reunion Réunion Telecom, Samoa SamoaTel  Singapore SingTel  Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Telecom  Sri Lanka Dialog GSM  Taiwan Chunghwa Telecom  Thailand AIS  Timor L'este Timor Telecom  Tonga Tonfon  Vanuatu Telecom Vanuatu  Vietnam Viettel All data are for August 2008

55. 54 Sources and Notes: BB prices 1. Prices quoted in local currencies converted to US dollars based on rates found at: http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic at 10/02/2008. Annual prices for a Domestic Private Leased Circuit not inclusive of installation charges, modem/ router charges, any discounts, VAT or other taxeshttp://www.oanda.com/convert/classic at 10/02/2008 2. Countries are ranked according to GDP per capita obtained from the World Economic Outlook database, Oct 2007 3. Also known as a tail cost 4. p.a = per annum 5. Cost of tail charges + 96km link charge 6. The package chosen are those that have an unlimited download capacity, in the event this package was not found the closest available offering was used. 7. Rates obtained from ATRA, 2007 data as reported in the earlier document, to be found at http://www.lirneasia.net/wp-contents//uploads/2007/09/bbenchmarks- page1-v4.pdfhttp://www.lirneasia.net/wp-contents//uploads/2007/09/bbenchmarks- page1-v4.pdf 8. N/O- No offering was available at time of publication 9. Nepal Telecom, http://www.net.np/tariff/int_tariff_new.phphttp://www.net.np/tariff/int_tariff_new.php 10. Radius Communications Pvt Ltd, http://www.radiusnp.com/index.phphttp://www.radiusnp.com/index.php 11. BTTB, for a 5km link, http://www.bttb.net.bd/rates.php#broadbandhttp://www.bttb.net.bd/rates.php#broadband 12. Grameen Cybernet Ltd, Fibre-Optic Broadband connection, http://www.citechco.net/pro_int.phphttp://www.citechco.net/pro_int.php 13. Agni Systems Ltd, Premium package, guaranteed minimum speed is 256kbps, http://www.agni.com/products/fiber.phphttp://www.agni.com/products/fiber.php 14. PTCL, http://www.ptcl.com.pk/contentb.php?NID=43http://www.ptcl.com.pk/contentb.php?NID=43 15. PTCL, DSL 1MB unlimited package, http://www.ptcl.com.pk/contentp?NID=47http://www.ptcl.com.pk/contentp?NID=47 16. BSNL, http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/leased_tariff.htmhttp://www.bsnl.co.in/service/leased_tariff.htm 17. BSNL, http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/dataone_tariff.htmhttp://www.bsnl.co.in/service/dataone_tariff.htm 18. MTNL, TriB Unlimited, http://www.mtnldelhi.in/broadband/triband_tariff.htmhttp://www.mtnldelhi.in/broadband/triband_tariff.htm 19. Bhutan Telecom, http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62 20. Bhutan Telecom, DSL 15000, Data limit of 12GB, http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=112http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=112 21. Bhutan Telecom, DSL 1000, Data limit of 500MB, Does not discriminate between corporate and home users, http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=112 http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=112 22. SLT, for a 0-33km link 23. SLT, for a 33- 99km link 24. Dialog, WiMax, 2MB Corporate package, http://www.dialog.lk/en/broadband/product/wimax.htmlhttp://www.dialog.lk/en/broadband/product/wimax.html 25. SLT, ADSL Office, Home Express, http://www.slt.lk/data/forbusiness/115adsl.htmhttp://www.slt.lk/data/forbusiness/115adsl.htm 26. Dhiraagu, http://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/tariffs/dhivehinet.php#dedicatedaccesshttp://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/tariffs/dhivehinet.php#dedicatedaccess 27. As per data obtained from the earlier document, to be found at http://www.lirneasia.net/wp-contents//uploads/2007/09/bbenchmarks-page1-v4.pdf, Data not available for this quarter.http://www.lirneasia.net/wp-contents//uploads/2007/09/bbenchmarks-page1-v4.pdf 28. Focus Infocomm, ROL corporate access 2MB, http://www.rol.net.mv/downloads/ROLTariffSheet.pdf, Dhiraagu does not have a 2MB package with an unlimited offering.http://www.rol.net.mv/downloads/ROLTariffSheet.pdf 29. Dhiraagu, Biz Unlimited package, http://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/tariffs/dhiveinet.php#broadbandhttp://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/tariffs/dhiveinet.php#broadband 30. Focus Infocomm, ROL broadband 256 value for homes, http://www.rol.net.mv/downloads/ROLTariffSheet.pdfhttp://www.rol.net.mv/downloads/ROLTariffSheet.pdf