1. Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance
Prepared by: Timothy John D. Matoy

2. Physics
Physics (from Ancient Greek: φύσις physis "nature") is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. (
2] More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.[3][4][5]

3. General Physics
Standard Units of Measurement
Unit Conversions
Ratios and Proportions
Significant Figures
Scientific Notations
Algebraic Equations and Expressions
Rules of Exponents

4. Significant figures
Exact number followed by approximated or estimated number in which you are uncertain.
Uncertain numbers

5. Significant figures
The number of significant figures in a measurement, such as 2531 is equal to the number of digits that are known with some degree of confidence (2, 5 and 3) plus the last digit (1), which is an estimate or approximation.
As we improve the sensitivity of the equipment used to make measurement, the number if significant figure increases.

6. Determination of significant figure
1. Exact numbers have infinite S.F.. - seven days in a week – infinite SF - ten apples in a basket – infinite SF 2. All non-zero digits are significant m – 3 SF – 6 SF 3. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant lb – 3 SF kg – 4 SF

7. Determination of significant figure
4. Zeroes to the right of decimal places but to the left of non-zero digit are significant cm – 4 SF kg – 3 SF 5. Zeroes to the left of the decimal place and to the right of non-zero digit are significant cm – 4 SF kg – 3 SF

8. Determination of significant figure
6. Zeroes to the right of the assumed decimal place are not significant lb – 1 SF lb – 2 SF 7. Zeroes to the right of the decimal place but to the left of non-zero digit are not significant – 6 SF

9. Addition and subtraction
When combining measurements with different degrees of accuracy and precision, the accuracy of the final answer can be no greater than the least accurate measurement.
Rule of the thumb:
When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement,

10. Multiplication and division
Rule of the thumb
When measurements are multiplied or divided, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement,

11. Scientific notation
There are 10,3000,000,000,000,000,000,000 carbon atoms in a 1-Carat Diamond. Each of which has a , 000,000,000,000,000,000,020 grams.

12. Scientific notation
Extremely large and small numbers is extremely hard to calculate without calculators.
To do a calculation like this, it is necessary to express these numbers in scientific notation.
Numbers between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to some exponent.

13. 10,3000………. Carbon atoms can be 10.3 x1021 carbon atoms
Example
10,3000………. Carbon atoms can be x1021 carbon atoms
0.00……..020 grams can be 2.0 x grams
Refer to earlier slide of scientific notation

14. Sample problem
When we mixed grams of water and 10.0 grams of salt. How many brine solution we produced?

15. Significant Figures

16. Significant Figures

17. Scientific Notations

18. Scientific Notations

19. Scientific Notations

20. Scientific Notations

21. Fraction Part of a whole
having an integer as numerator and an integer denominator
The top number divided by the bottom number
A way of expressing a number of equal parts.
A fraction consist of two numbers, as numerator, which give the number if equal parts and a denominator which gives the number if those parts that makes up a whole.

22. Fraction
Improper fraction – An improper fraction has a numerator (top number) larger than or equal to the denominator (bottom number).
Proper fraction – has numerator (top number) less than its denominator (bottom number)

23. Ratios
Are special application of fractions
Ratios express the mathematical relationship between similar quantities such as feet to the miles or pounds to the kilograms,
Example
What is the ratio of pounds to kilograms? 2.2 lb is to 1 kg or 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔

24. Ratios and Proportions
A proportion is a name we give to a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written in two ways:
two equal fractions
using a colon, a:b = c:d

25. Proportion
Express the relationship of one ratio to another and it is a special application of fractions and rules in algebra.

26. Directly proportional
A relationship when one ratio increase with respect to another ratio.
F = m x a

27. Inversely proportional
A relationship when one ratio decrease with respect to another ratio.
Power = work / time

28. am x an = am+n Rule of exponent
If the bases of the exponential expressions that are multiplied are the same, then you can combine into one expression by adding exponent.
Example:
23 x 24 = (2 x 2 x 2) x ( 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) = 27

29. am an = am-n Rule of exponent
If the bases of the exponential expression that are the same, then you can combine them into the expression by subtracting the exponents.
Example:
𝑥7 𝑥3 = x7-3 = x4

30. (am)n = a m x n Rule of exponent (32)3 = 3 2 x 3 = 36
When you have an exponential expression raised to a power, you have to multiply the two exponents.
Example
(32)3 = 3 2 x 3 = 36

31. Rule of exponent
a0 = 1
Any number or variable raised to the zero power is always equals to 1

32. a -m = 1 𝑎𝑚 Rule of exponent
If the negative exponent already appears in the denominator of a fraction, then it will move to the numerator as a positive exponent.

33. Rule of exponent
a1 = a
Any number or variable raised to 1 is equals to that number or variable

34. For addition and subtraction
Rule of exponent
For addition and subtraction
1. Convert the exponents to the same value. To do this, Change the exponent of the smaller number to that of the large number.
2. Add or subtract the coefficient.
3. Multiply the result by the common exponent.

35. For multiplication and division
Rule of exponent
For multiplication and division
1. Multiply or divide the coefficient
2. For multiplication, add the exponent. For division subtract the exponent.

36. The exponent of 1 The exponent of 0 Product rule Power rule
Summary
The exponent of 1
The exponent of 0
Product rule
Power rule
Quotient rule
Negative exponent

37. Standard Units of Measurements
Base Quantities
Derived Quantities
Special Quantities

38. Base Quantities Mass Length Time
Building blocks of all other measurable quantities

39. Derived Quantities Energy Power Work Momentum Force Velocity
acceleration

40. Special Quantities in Radiologic Science
Exposure
Dose
Equivalent dose
Activity

41. Every measurements has two parts
System of measurement
Every measurements has two parts
Magnitude (amount, numbers)
Unit
Example: 1000 kg

42. SI prefixes

43. Unit Conversions

44. Unit Conversions

45. Unit Conversions

46. Algebraic Equations and Expressions

47. Algebraic Equations and Expressions
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

48. Heat and thermodynamics Optics Acoustic Electricity and magnetism
Branch of Physics
Mechanics
Heat and thermodynamics
Optics
Acoustic
Electricity and magnetism
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear physics – atomic, nucleus, solid state, particle and plasma

49. Segment of physics that deals the motion of the object
Mechanics
Segment of physics that deals the motion of the object
VECTOR Quantity
SCALAR Quantity

50. Mechanics Velocity Accelaration Force Momentum Work Weight energy
Newtons law = 1. inertia 2. F=ma 3. action and reaction
a = vf – vi / t
V = vo + vi / 2
Momentum = m x v
W = f x d
Mechanical energy

51. Heat and thermodynamics
1 cal = Joule
Temperature
Measured the hotness and the coldness of a matter.
James Prescott Joule – stir experiment

52. Heat and thermodynamics
Farenheit
Celcius
Kelvin Scale
Gabriel F. 18th century = (Freezing – 32 degrees F) (boiling – 212 degrees F)
Andreas C. (freezing – 0 degrees C) (boiling 100 degrees C.)
Kelvin Scale – designed to go to zero at this minimum temperature
- absolute zero – all atomic and molecules motion atoms at this lowest temperature.

53. Heat and thermodynamics
Method of heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Thermal expansion
Most object expand when heated

54. Subtracting fractions Multiply fractions Dividing fractions
Adding fractions
Subtracting fractions
Multiply fractions
Dividing fractions