1. Spanish American War

2. Monroe Doctrine of 1823  The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 defined United States foreign policy in the Americas for the rest of the 19 th century and beyond.  It declared that the United States had an interest in the Western Hemisphere and that European powers must not interfere in the affairs of developing nations there.  The United States was a young nation in 1823 and did not really have the power to back up the Monroe Doctrine. However, the policy was used to justify the sending of U.S. troops into Mexico in 1866 (to intimidate the French) and the purchase of Alaska in 1867.

3. Cuba

4. Cuba

5. Imperialism Defined  Imperialism is a policy used by a nation to extend power or rule over foreign countries especially by taking over land or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military force or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally wrong.  Imperialism has been used by powerful nations in order to take over land, labor, materials, and markets of another people.  Acquired lands are sometimes called commonwealths, territories, or dominions.

6. U.S. Imperialism  Militarily speaking, the Spanish-American War of 1898 was brief and not very bloody, but its political consequences were enormous.  It led to United States imperialism and greater participation in world politics.

7. Cuban’s Rebel Against Spanish Rule  Cuban rebels started a violent revolution against Spanish rule in 1895.  These rebels were acting out, in part because of a depression caused by a decline in U.S. sugar purchases from Cuba.  Rebel violence led to more repressive actions by the Spanish.

8. Yellow Journalism  In the United States, newspaper accounts spread exaggerated tales of Spanish atrocities.  This sensationalist journalism, called “yellow journalism,” played a pivotal role in the war.  At the time, William Randolph Hearst's New York American and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, were engaged in a fierce battle for circulation and they used yellow journalism to try to captivate audiences and sell more newspapers.  William Randolph Hearst believed that a war with Spain over Cuba would not only sell newspapers, but also make him a popular national figure.

9. Propaganda  Hearst launched a propaganda offensive, the first in modern media history, which demonized Spain for its brutal suppression of the Cuban rebellion and fueled pro-war feeling.  American newspapers across the country agitated for the United States to intervene in Cuba’s struggle to gain independence from Spain.  At first President Cleveland resisted the rising public demand for intervention, but by early 1898 the pressure, then on his successor, President McKinley, was too great to be ignored.

10. Newspaper Headlines: 22 Feb Illinois State Journal  "SMALL CHILDREN SHOT DOWN AND WOMEN TREATED AS IF THEY WERE NO BETTER THAN BRUTES” 24 Feb Illinois State Journal  "SENATE DECLARED THAT ONE THIRD OF CUBANS HAVE PERISHED UNDER SPANISH CRUELTY” 25 March Illinois State Register  "CUBA MUST BE FREE"

11. Newspaper Headlines: 13 Jan Chicago Daily Tribune  "ALARM OVER CUBA...EUROPEAN FINANCIAL INTERESTS WANT THE WAR ENDED...ASK UNCLE SAM TO ACT...BONDHOLDERS WILL LOSE UNLESS AMERICA INTERVENES. STRONG INFLUENCES FELT”  "WILD MOBS RIOTING IN THE STREETS OF HAVANA...AMERICAN WARSHIP TO PROTECT THE CONSULATE...REPORT THAT BATTLESHIP MAINE HAS BEEN ORDERED TO CUBA AND THAT ADMIRAL BUNA'S SQUADRON IS BEING ASSEMBLED AT KEY WEST, FLA."

12. U.S.S. Maine  In January 1898, the US decided to send in the warship USS Maine to Havana, Cuba to protect US interests and to demonstrate an American presence in the Caribbean.

13. Photographic History of the Spanish-American War New York: Pearson Pub. Co., 1898

14. Newspaper Headlines: 25 Jan Chicago Daily Tribune  "GUNS GO TO HAVANA...WARSHIP MAINE IS DISPATCHED TO CUBA...SAID TO INSURE PEACE...SECRETARY LONG AND GENERAL MILES CALLED INTO CONFERENCE” 25 Jan Illinois State Journal  "WARSHIP TO HAVANA...BATTLESHIP MAINE DISPATCHED AND SENATORS SAY AMEN...OFFICIALS DECLARE THAT THIS MOVE IS A FRIENDLY ONE...The sending of the Maine to Havana means simply the resumption of friendly naval relations with Spain...The general belief here, however, is that in Madrid, rather than any Cuban town, is trouble to be looked for, if there should be any misapprehension of the purpose of our government in sending the Maine to Havana”

15. Sinking of the Maine  On February 15, 1898 the USS Maine mysteriously sunk in the Havana Harbor.  Although, later, scientists attributed the incident to an internal and accidental explosion, at the time it was reported that the explosion was caused by Spanish forces in Cuba.  With the explosion of the USS Maine, and the loss of lives in the Havana harbor, events moved beyond the President's control.

16. Newspaper headlines: 15 Feb Chicago Daily Tribune  "EXTRA...3:30 A.M....MAINE IS BLOWN UP IN HAVANA HARBOR...AMERICAN BATTLESHIP DESTROYED AT A QUARTER OF 10 O'CLOCK LAST EVENING BY A TERRIFIC EXPLOSION SAID TO HAVE OCCURRED ON BOARD” 16 Feb Illinois State Journal  "WARSHIP MAINE WAS BLOWN UP...HAVANA...FEB. 15...BULLETIN...AT A QUARTER OF 10 O'CLOCK THIS EVENING A TERRIBLE EXPLOSION TOOK PLACE ON BOARD THE UNITED STATES CRUISER MAINE IN HAVANA HARBOR. MANY WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED. ALL THE BOATS OF THE SPANISH CRUISER ALFONZE XII ARE ASSISTING"

20. War with Spain  The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor in 1898 caused the death of about 266 men including 22 African American sailors.  “Yellow journalism” fueled American anger and editor Hearst continued to push that the US had a perfect pretext for war.  Although President William McKinley opposed growing public demand for war, the American cry of the hour became, “Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain!”

21. Remember the Maine 15 July Illinois State Register  "REMEMBER THE MAINE Flag o' the free heart's hope and home, By angel's hand to valor given. Thy stars have lit the welkindome, And all thy hues were born in heaven. Forever float that standard sheet, Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's soil beneath our feet. And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us."

22. “A splendid little war.”  Although Spain wanted to avoid war, it refused to withdraw from Cuba and recognize the island’s independence.  By mid-April, Congress authorized McKinley to use the armed forces to expel the Spanish from Cuba.  For Americans it was, as Secretary of State John Hay put it in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, “a splendid little war.”

23. Newspaper Headlines: 23 April Illinois State Register  "FREEDOM FOR CUBA...MAY THEY FLOAT VICTORIOUS FOR JUSTICE, LIBERTY, HUMANITY“ 24 April Illinois State Register  "CALLS FOR VOLUNTEERS...PRESIDENT ISSUES A PROCLAMATION CALLING FOR 125,000 MORE TROOPS...REGULARS GO TO CUBA SOON...THE NATIONAL GUARD TO SERVE UNCLE SAM AS NOW ORGANIZED...QUOTAS WHICH EACH STATE WILL BE FURNISHED...Illinois...6,6668"

24. Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines  American forces, quickly overcame the Spaniards in Cuba.  They then turned against Spain's last island in the Caribbean, Puerto Rico.  Meanwhile, on May 1, 1898, the American Captain George Dewey, with his Asiatic squadron, destroyed a small Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila in the Philippines.

25. Conditions for Soldiers:  Although the war was brief, soldiers still experienced terrible, war conditions.  Camp life was often unbearable. The men slept in leaky tents which caused their clothes and belongings to remain soaked for days at a time.   Poor sanitation, swampy campsites and spoiled food caused many of the men to suffer from diseases such as dysentery, yellow fever, malaria and typhoid.

26. Newspaper Headlines: 14 July Illinois State Journal  "YELLOW JACK...FEAR OF FEVER...MEN WORKING IN TRENCHES IN MUD, NOT BOILING WATER AND EATING LARGE QUANTITIES OF TROPICAL FRUIT“ 24 August Illinois State Register (after the war)  "FIRST ILLINOIS BOYS TALK OF CAMP THOMAS...LACKED GOOD WATER, FOOD, SANITATION AND MEDICAL ATTENDANCE

27. Third Nebraska Volunteer Camp Havana, Cuba 1898.

29. African Americans  Although pro-war fever swept through the nation during the late 1890s, not all Americans supported the cause.  African-Americans, especially, were divided on the war.  Some African-Americans argued that an oppressed people should not take up arms on behalf of their oppressors.

30. African American Soldiers  Other African American soldiers believed that fighting for America would earn them respect and acceptance.  African Americans who answered the calls to duty and did enlist, found themselves among white racism in the Army and the victims of anti-black violence.  White Americans did not know how to react to the returning African American veterans. Some were met with speeches and parades while others were assaulted and lynched.

31. Women in the War  Women became officially recognized in the Spanish-American War as nurses for the medical departments of the Army and Navy.  The Daughters of the American Revolution served as an examining board for evaluating female nurses.

32. Peace Negotiations:  The U.S. went to war with Spain in April 1898 and the fighting was over by August of that year, when the US and Spain signed a preliminary peace treaty in Washington, D.C.  Negotiators then met in Paris in October to draw up an agreement, and the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10 th.

33. Treaty of Paris:  As a result of the Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up its sovereignty over Cuba (granted its independence) and gave the US ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, and Guam.  Business interests in the US also demanded the acquisition of the entire Philippine archipelago in the hope that Manila would become a trading post.  McKinley forced the Spanish to “sell” the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000.

34. U.S. Relations with Cuba Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) 1.Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2.The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3.Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

35. Cuba and Puerto Rico

36. The Philippines

38. Results  Although, rebels in the Philippines and Cuba had looked to the Americans as saviors, the U.S. victory only replaced one imperial power with another.  Months after the Spanish surrender, America was fighting its own colonial war against Filipino rebels. Intervention in Cuban affairs lasted until 1934 and left a residue of anti-Americanism.

39. American Imperialism  The new territory promised markets, military bases, and influence overseas.  As a result of victory over Spain in the Spanish- America War, the United States emerged as a world power.  The war reinforced the tenets of the Monroe Doctrine, established in 1823, which declared that US regards Caribbean region as its sphere of influence and the US could use force to protect it.

40. American Anti-Imperialist League  Founded in 1899.  Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.  Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism by the U.S. Government

41. Review-Reasons for the War Included:  Protection of American business interests in Cuba.  American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain.  Rising tensions as a result of the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.  Exaggerated news reports of events (Yellow Journalism).

42. Review-Reasons for American Interest in Cuba:  The U.S. was concerned about protection of American business interests in Cuba (specifically sugar).  The U.S. was concerned about human rights abuses by the Spanish in Cuba.  The U.S. supported Cuban rebels trying to gain Cuban independence from Spain.

43. Puerto Rico:  Puerto Rico became a US Territory following the Spanish-American War in 1898 and its residents became US citizens in 1917.  It has been a US Commonwealth since 1952.  Commonwealths have their own constitutions and greater autonomy than "territories." Puerto Rico's constitution and government structure is similar to those of the 50 US states, and it participates in many US Federal government programs.

44. U.S. Power:  The U.S. controls: interstate trade, foreign relations and commerce, customs administration, control of air, land and sea, immigration and emigration, nationality and citizenship, currency, maritime laws, military service, military bases, army, navy and air force, declaration of war, constitutionality of laws, jurisdictions and legal procedures, treaties, radio and television-- communications, agriculture, mining and minerals, highways, postal system; Social Security, and other areas generally controlled by the federal government in the United States.

45. U.S. Relations with Puerto Rico  1900 - Foraker Act.  PR became an “unincorporated territory.”  Citizens of PR, not of the US.  Import duties on PR goods  1901-1903  the Insular Cases.  Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.  Congress had the power to decide these rights.  Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

46. U.S. Relations with P.R.  1917 – Jones Act.  Gave full territorial status to PR.  Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the U.S.  PRs elected their own legislators &governor to enforce local laws.  PRs could NOT vote in U.S. presidential elections.  http://www.topuertorico.org/government.sht ml http://www.topuertorico.org/government.sht ml http://www.topuertorico.org/government.sht ml

47. Puerto Rico Controls:  Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution.  The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are:  local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code,  lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress,  the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections.

48. Assignment:  Create a political cartoon that describes the role of the US in world affairs after the Spanish American War.

49. Example: