1. Psychoanalytic Theory
Basic Freudian Propositions

2. Clinical Experiences Anna O. (Breuer)
Unexpressed emotion -> pathology
Unaware of emotion (unconscious)
Emotion expression reduces pathology

3. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
The Basic Instincts
Unconscious Motivation
Psychic Determinism
Energy Model

4. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
The Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression
Closely follows Darwin’s theory
Freud believed that everything humans do can be understood as manifestations of the life and death instincts
Later termed libido (life) and thanatos (death)
Mirrors Darwin’s theory of natural selection: selection by reproduction and selection by survival.
Although he initially believed that the life and death instincts worked to oppose one another, he later argued that they could combine in various ways. He believed that from these instincts comes the energy that powers all human behaviors.

5. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious Motivation
Individuals control their sexual and aggressive urges by placing them in the unconscious
These take on a life of their own and become the motivated unconscious
According to Freud the mind is made up of 3 parts: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The latter is the largest part of the mind and manifests itself in the dreams, “slips of the tongue”, irrational feelings, physical symptoms, or inexplicable anxiety.

6. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic Determinism
Nothing happens by chance or accident
Everything we do, think, say, and feel is an expression of our mind

7. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
Energy Model
Humans are viewed as energy systems
Hydraulic model. Energy transformed but not destroyed

8. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious - current awareness
Preconscious - not aware of material but it’s retrievable (via ordinary retrieval)
Unconscious - not aware of material but it’s not retrievable (via ordinary retrieval)

10. Issues Regarding the Unconscious
How can the existence of the unconscious be demonstrated?
Why do humans have an unconscious?

11. Personality and Psychoanalysis
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Projective Techniques
Recovered Memories
Free Association: Speaking whatever comes into your mind without censoring your thoughts. Psychoanalysts must be able to recognize the subtle signs that something important has just been mentioned.
Dream Analysis: Uncovering unconscious material in a dream by interpreting the content of a dream. Consists of manifest content (what the dream actually contains) and latent content (what the elements of the dream actually represent)
Projective Techniques: Uses the idea that what a person sees in an ambiguous figure reflects his or her personality.

12. The Structure of PersonalityID
EGO
Psychoanalytic theory concerns how people cope with their sexual and aggressive instincts within the constraints of a civilized society. One part of the mind creates urges, another has a sense of what civilized society expects, and another part of the mind tries to satisfy the urges within the bounds of reality and society. These parts of the mind are in constant interaction. They have different goals, provoking internal conflicts within an individual.
SUPEREGO

13. The Structure of Personality
The Id – Reservoir of Psychic Energy
Most primitive part of the mind; what we are born with
Source of all drives and urges
Operates according to the pleasure principle and primary process thinking
The pleasure principle is the desire for immediate gratification.
Primary process thinking is thinking without logical rules of conscious thought or an anchor in reality.

14. The Structure of Personality
The Ego- Executive of Personality
The part of the mind that constrains the id to reality
Develops around 2-3 years of age
Operates according to the reality principle and secondary process thinking
Mediates between id, superego, and environment
The ego recognizes under the reality principle that the urges of the id are often in conflict with social and physical reality.
The ego engages in secondary process thinking which refers to the development and devising of strategies for problem solving and obtaining satisfaction.

15. The Structure of Personality
The Superego- Upholder of Values and Ideals
The part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals, and ideals of society
Develops around age 5
Not bound by reality
The superego determines what is right and what is wrong, and enforces this through the emotion of guilt. It sets the moral goals and ideals of perfection.

16. Psychodynamics Conflict model Id vs. superego; Individual vs. society
Restrain expression of all drives
Surplus energy results in anxiety

17. Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious psychological processes designed to avoid or reduce the conscious experience of anxiety

18. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Repression
Unconscious
Motivated
Forgetting
Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms. Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.
The process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness

19. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Denial
Unconscious
Motivated
Not Perceiving
Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms. Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.
Perceptual Defense Research

20. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
Act opposite of impulse
Projection
Make impulse external
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

21. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Isolation/Intellectualization
Isolate emotional reaction
Process abstractly
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

22. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
Channel impulse to non-threatening target
Sublimation
Channel impulse into socially desired
activity
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

23. Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Useful in coping with unexpected or disappointing events
Can also make circumstances worse
Defense mechanisms can help us deal with stress; however, when a behavior inhibits the ability to be productive or to maintain relationships, there may be problems.

24. Personality and Psychoanalysis
Making the Unconscious Conscious
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
The Process of Psychoanalysis

25. Personality and Psychoanalysis
The goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious
Identify unconscious thoughts and feelings
Enable the person to deal with the unconscious urges realistically and maturely
But how to penetrate the unconscious mind?

26. Personality and Psychoanalysis
The Process of Psychoanalysis
The psychoanalyst offers the patient interpretations of the psychodynamic causes of the problems
The interpretations bring insight
Resistance may occur as a defense
Transference of feelings

27. Evaluating Freud’s Contributions
Proponents argue it is the first and perhaps only comprehensive theory of human nature
Psychoanalysis has had a major impact on Western thought
Critics maintain it is not contemporary
The nature of evidence upon which it was built can be criticized
Emphasis on sexual drives is inappropriate

28. Summary
There are 3 main forces in the psyche that constantly interact to tame the 2 motives
Defense mechanisms help keep urges, thoughts, and memories that cause anxiety in the unconscious
Psychoanalysis is a therapy used for making the patient's unconscious conscious

29. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Types of Anxiety
Repression
Other Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life

30. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Types of Anxiety
Objective Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety is a signal that the control of the ego is being threatened by reality, by impulses from the id, or by harsh controls exerted by the superego.
Objective: Fear. Occurs in response to some real, external threat to the person.
Neurotic: Occurs when there is a direct conflict between the id and the ego.
Moral: Caused by a conflict between the ego and the superego.
In all 3 types of anxiety, the function of the ego is to cope with threats and to defend against the dangers they pose in order to reduce anxiety. This is done through the use of various defense mechanisms.