2. Accounting, Fourth Edition4
ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
Accounting, Fourth Edition

3. Study Objectives
Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.
Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting.
Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the major types of adjusting entries.
Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.
Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.
Explain the purpose of closing entries.
Describe the required steps in the accounting cycle.
Understand the causes of differences between net income and cash provided by operating activities.

4. Accrual Accounting Concepts
Timing Issues
The Basics of Adjusting Entries
The Adjusted Trial Balance and Financial Statements
Closing the Books
Quality of Earnings
Revenue recognition principle
Expense recognition principle
Accrual versus cash basis of accounting
Types of adjusting entries
Adjusting entries for deferrals
Adjusting entries for accruals
Summary of basic relationships
Preparing the adjusted trial balance
Preparing financial statements
Preparing closing entries
Preparing a post-closing trial balance
Summary of the accounting cycle
Earnings management
Sarbanes-Oxley

5. Timing Issues
Accountants divide the economic life of a business into artificial time periods (Periodicity Assumption).
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Dec.
Generally a month, a quarter, or a year.
Fiscal year vs. calendar year
SO 1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.

6. Timing Issues Review Question What is the periodicity assumption?
a. Companies should recognize revenue in the accounting period in which it is earned.
b. Companies should match expenses with revenues.
c. The economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods.
d. The fiscal year should correspond with the calendar year.
SO 1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.

7. Timing Issues The Revenue Recognition Principle
Companies recognize revenue in the accounting period in which it is earned.
In a service enterprise, revenue is considered to be earned at the time the service is performed.
SO 1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.

8. Timing Issues
Illustration: Assume Conrad Dry Cleaners cleans clothing on June 30, but customers do not claim and pay for their clothes until the first week of July. The journal entries for June and July would be:
SO 1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.

9. “Let the expenses follow the revenues.”
Timing Issues
Illustration 4-1 (Partial)
“Let the expenses follow the revenues.”
SO 1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.

10. Timing Issues
Illustration 4-1 GAAP
relationships in revenue
and expense recognition
SO 1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense recognition principle.

11. Cooking the Books? Q: What motivates sales executives and finance and accounting executives to participate in activities that result in inaccurate reporting of revenues?
A: Sales executives typically receive bonuses based on their ability to meet quarterly sales targets. In addition, they often face the possibility of losing their jobs if they miss those targets. Executives in accounting and finance are very aware of the earnings targets of Wall Street analysts and investors. If they fail to meet these targets, the company’s stock price will fall. As a result of these pressures, executives sometimes knowingly engage in unethical efforts to misstate revenues. As a result of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the penalties for such behavior are now much more severe.
Discussion on notes page.

12. Timing Issues Accrual versus Cash Basis of Accounting
Accrual-Basis Accounting
Transactions recorded in the periods in which the events occur.
Revenues are recognized when earned, even if cash was not received.
Expenses are recognized when incurred, even if cash was not paid.
SO 2 Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting.

13. Timing Issues Accrual versus Cash Basis of Accounting
Cash-Basis Accounting
Revenues are recognized only when cash is received.
Expenses are recognized only when cash is paid.
Prohibited under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
SO 2 Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting.

14. Timing Issues
Illustration: Suppose that Fresh Colors paints a large building in In 2011, it incurs and pays total expenses (salaries and paint costs) of $50,000. It bills the customer $80,000, but does not receive payment until 2012.
Illustration 4-2 (Partial)
SO 2 Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting.

15. Timing Issues Review Question
Which one of these statements about the accrual basis of accounting is false?
Companies record events that change their financial statements in the period in which events occur, even if cash was not exchanged.
Companies recognize revenue in the period in which it is earned.
This basis is in accord with generally accepted accounting principles.
Companies record revenue only when they receive cash, and record expense only when they pay out cash.
SO 2 Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting.

17. The Basics of Adjusting Entries
Adjusting entries make it possible to report correct amounts on the balance sheet and on the income statement.
A company must make adjusting entries every time it prepares financial statements.
Includes one income statement account and one balance sheet account.
SO 3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the major types of adjusting entries

18. The Basics of Adjusting Entries
Revenues - recorded in the period in which they are earned.
Expenses - recognized in the period in which they are incurred.
Adjusting entries - needed to ensure that the revenue recognition and expense recognition principles are followed.
SO 3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the major types of adjusting entries

19. The Basics of Adjusting Entries
Review Question
Adjusting entries are made to ensure that:
a. expenses are recognized in the period in which they are incurred.
b. revenues are recorded in the period in which they are earned.
c. balance sheet and income statement accounts have correct balances at the end of an accounting period.
d. All of the above.
SO 3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the major types of adjusting entries

20. Types of Adjusting Entries
Illustration 4-3
Categories of adjusting entries
Deferrals:
1. Prepaid expenses: Expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed.
2. Unearned revenues: Cash received and reported as liabilities before revenue is earned.
Accruals:
1. Accrued revenues: Revenues earned but not yet received in cash or recorded.
2. Accrued expenses: Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.
SO 3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the major types of adjusting entries

21. Types of Adjusting Entries
Trial Balance – Each account is analyzed to determine whether it is complete and up-to-date.
Illustration 4-4
SO 3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the major types of adjusting entries

22. Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
Deferrals are either:
Prepaid expenses OR
Unearned revenues.
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

23. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Payment of cash, that is recorded as an asset because service or benefit will be received in the future.
Cash Payment
Expense Recorded
BEFORE
Prepayments often occur in regard to:
insurance
supplies
advertising
rent
equipment
buildings
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

24. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Costs that expire either with the passage of time or through use.
Adjusting entry results in an increase (a debit) to an expense account and a decrease (a credit) to an asset account.
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

25. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Illustration 4-5
Increases (debits) an expense account and
Decreases (credits) an asset account.
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

26. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Illustration: Sierra Corporation purchased supplies costing $2,500 on October 5. Sierra recorded the purchase by increasing (debiting) the asset Supplies. This account shows a balance of $2,500 in the October 31 trial balance. An inventory count at the close of business on October 31 reveals that $1,000 of supplies are still on hand.
Oct. 31
Supplies Expense
1,500
Supplies
1,500
($2,500 – 1,000 = $1,500)
Illustration 4-6 (Partial)
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

27. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Illustration: On October, 4 Sierra Corporation paid $600 for a one-year fire insurance policy. Coverage began on October 1. Sierra recorded the payment by increasing (debiting) Prepaid Insurance. This account shows a balance of $600 in the October 31 trial balance. Insurance of $50 ($600 ÷ 12) expires each month.
Oct. 31
Insurance Expense 50
Prepaid Insurance 50
Illustration 4-7 (Partial)
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

28. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Depreciation
Buildings, equipment, and motor vehicles (long-lived assets) are recorded as assets, rather than an expense, in the year acquired.
Companies report a portion of the cost of a long-lived asset as an expense (depreciation) during each period of the asset’s useful life.
Depreciation does not attempt to report the actual change in the value of the asset.
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

29. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Illustration: For Sierra Corporation, assume that depreciation on the office equipment is $480 a year, or $40 per month.
Oct. 31
Depreciation Expense 40
Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment 40
Illustration 4-8 (Partial)
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

30. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Statement Presentation
Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment is a contra asset account.
Appears just after the account it offsets (Equipment) on the balance sheet.
Illustration 4-9
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

31. Adjusting Entries for “Prepaid Expenses”
Summary
Illustration 4-10
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

32. Adjusting Entries for “Unearned Revenues”
Receipt of cash that is recorded as a liability because the revenue has not been earned.
Cash Receipt
Revenue Recorded
BEFORE
Unearned revenues often occur in regard to:
rent
airline tickets
magazine subscriptions
customer deposits
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

33. Adjusting Entries for “Unearned Revenues”
Adjusting entry to record the revenue that has been earned and to show the liability that remains.
Adjusting entry results in a decrease (a debit) to a liability account and an increase (a credit) to a revenue account.
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

34. Adjusting Entries for “Unearned Revenues”
Illustration 4-11
Decrease (a debit) to a liability account and
Increase (a credit) to a revenue account.
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

35. Adjusting Entries for “Unearned Revenues”
Illustration: Sierra Corporation received $1,200 on October 2 from R. Knox for guide services for multi-day trips expected to be completed by December 31. Unearned Service Revenue shows a balance of $1,200 in the October 31 trial balance. From an evaluation of the service Sierra performed for Knox during October, the company determines that it has earned $400 in October.
Oct. 31
Unearned Service Revenue
400
Service Revenue
400
Illustration 4-12 (Partial)
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

36. Adjusting Entries for “Unearned Revenues”
Summary
Illustration 4-13
SO 4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

38. Adjusting Entries for Accruals
Made to record:
Revenues earned and OR
Expenses incurred
in the current accounting period that have not been recognized through daily entries.
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

39. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Revenues”
Revenues earned but not yet received in cash or recorded.
Adjusting entry results in:
Revenue Recorded
Cash Receipt
BEFORE
Accrued revenues often occur in regard to:
rent
interest
services performed
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

40. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Revenues”
An adjusting entry serves two purposes:
(1) Shows the receivable that exists, and
(2) Records the revenues earned.
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

41. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Revenues”
Illustration 4-14
Increases (debits) an asset account and
Increases (credits) a revenue account.
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

42. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Revenues”
Illustration: In October, Sierra Corporation earned $200 for guide services that were not billed to clients before October 31.
Oct. 31
Accounts Receivable
200
Service Revenue
200
Illustration 4-15
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

43. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Revenues”
Summary
Illustration 4-16
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

44. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.
Adjusting entry results in:
Expense Recorded
Cash Payment
BEFORE
Accrued expenses often occur in regard to:
rent
interest
taxes
salaries
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

45. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
An adjusting entry serves two purposes:
(1) Records the obligations, and
(2) Recognizes the expenses.
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

46. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
Illustration 4-17
Increases (debits) an expense account and
Increases (credits) a liability account.
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

47. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
Illustration: Sierra Corporation signed a three-month note payable in the amount of $5,000 on October 1. The note requires Sierra to pay interest at an annual rate of 12%.
Illustration 4-18
Oct. 31
Interest Expense 50
Interest Payable 50
Illustration 4-19 (Partial)
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

49. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
Illustration: Sierra Corporation last paid salaries on October 26; the next payment of salaries will not occur until November 9. The employees receive total salaries of $2,000 for a five-day work week, or $400 per day. Thus, accrued salaries at October 31 are $1,200 ($400 × 3 days).
Illustration 4-20
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

50. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
Illustration: Sierra Corporation last paid salaries on October 26; the next payment of salaries will not occur until November 9. The employees receive total salaries of $2,000 for a five-day work week, or $400 per day. Thus, accrued salaries at October 31 are $1,200 ($400 x 3 days).
Oct. 31
Salaries Expense
1,200
Salaries Payable
1,200
Illustration 4-21
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

51. Adjusting Entries for “Accrued Expenses”
Summary
Illustration 4-22
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

52. Summary of Basic Relationships
SO 5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

53. The Adjusted Trial Balance
After all adjusting entries are journalized and posted the company prepares another trial balance from the ledger accounts (Adjusted Trial Balance).
The adjusted trial balance’s purpose is to prove the equality of debit balances and credit balances in the ledger.
The adjusted trial balance is the primary basis for the preparation of the financial statements.
SO 6 Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.

54. The Adjusted Trial Balance
SO 6

55. The Adjusted Trial Balance
Review Question
Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning the adjusted trial balance?
An adjusted trial balance proves the equality of the total debit balances and the total credit balances in the ledger after all adjustments are made.
The adjusted trial balance provides the primary basis for the preparation of financial statements.
The adjusted trial balance lists the account balances segregated by assets and liabilities.
The adjusted trial balance is prepared after the adjusting entries have been journalized and posted.
SO 6 Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.

56. Preparing Financial Statements
Financial statements are prepared directly from the Adjusted Trial Balance.
Income Statement
Retained Earnings Statement
Balance Sheet
SO 6 Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.

57. Preparing Financial Statements
Illustration 4-27

58. Preparing Financial Statements
Illustration 4-28

59. Closing the Books
At the end of the accounting period, companies transfer the temporary account balances to the permanent stockholders’ equity account—Retained Earnings.
Illustration 4-29
SO 7 Explain the purpose of closing entries.

60. Closing the Books
In addition to updating Retained Earnings to its correct ending balance, closing entries produce a zero balance in each temporary account.
Illustration 4-30
SO 7 Explain the purpose of closing entries.

61. Closing the Books
2012
Illustration 4-31

62. Closing the Books
SO 7 Explain the purpose of closing entries.

63. Preparing a Post-Closing Trial Balance
The purpose of the post-closing trial balance is to prove the equality of the permanent account balances that the company carries forward into the next accounting period.
All temporary accounts will have zero balances.
SO 7 Explain the purpose of closing entries.

64. Summary of the Accounting Cycle
Illustration 4-33
Required steps in the
accounting cycle
1. Analyze business transactions
9. Prepare a post-closing trial balance
2. Journalize the transactions
8. Journalize and post closing entries
3. Post to ledger accounts
7. Prepare financial statements
4. Prepare a trial balance
6. Prepare an adjusted trial balance
Journalize and post adjusting entries:
Deferrals/Accruals
SO 8 Describe the required steps in the accounting cycle.

65. Quality of Earnings
Quality of Earnings – company provides full and transparent information.
Earnings Management - the planned timing of revenues, expenses, gains, and losses to smooth out bumps in net income. Companies may manage earnings by:
one-time items to prop up earnings numbers.
inflate revenue numbers in the short-run.
improper adjusting entries.
As a result of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, many companies are trying to improve the quality of their financial reporting.
SO 8 Describe the required steps in the accounting cycle.

66. Keep an Eye on Cash
Sierra Corporation’s income statement shows net income of $2,860. Net income and net cash provided by operating activities often differ.
Net income on a cash basis is referred to as “Net cash provided by operating activities.”
The statement of cash flows, reports net cash provided by operating activities.
Illustration 4-27
SO 9 Understand the causes of differences between net income and cash provided by operating activities.

67. Keep an Eye on Cash
The difference for Sierra is $2,840 ($5,700 - $2,860). The following summary shows the causes of this difference.
SO 9

68. Adjusting Entries in an Automated World— Using a Worksheet (Appendix)
Trial Balance – Each account is analyzed to determine whether it is complete and up-to-date.
Illustration 4-4
SO 10

69. Adjusting Entries in an Automated World— Using a Worksheet (Appendix)
SO 10 Describe the purpose and the basic form of a worksheet.

70. 1. Prepare a Trial Balance on the Worksheet
Trial balance amounts come directly from ledger accounts.
Include all accounts with balances.
SO 10 Describe the purpose and the basic form of a worksheet.

71. Adjusting Journal Entries
Using a Worksheet
Illustration 4-24
General journal showing adjusting entries
2012
Adjusting Journal Entries

72. Add additional accounts as needed.
2. Enter the Adjustments in Adjustments Columns
(a)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(g)
Adjustments Key:
(a) Supplies Used.
(b) Insurance Expired.
(c) Depreciation Expensed.
(d) Service Revenue Earned.
(e) Service Revenue Accrued.
(f) Interest Accrued.
(g) Salaries Accrued.
(d)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(e)
Enter adjustment amounts, total adjustments columns, and check for equality.
Add additional accounts as needed.
SO 10

73. Total the adjusted trial balance columns and check for equality.
3. Complete the Adjusted Trial Balance Columns
(a)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(g)
(d)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(e)
Total the adjusted trial balance columns and check for equality.
SO 10

74. 4. Extend Amounts to Financial Statement Columns
(b)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(g)
(d)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(e)
Extend all revenue and expense account balances to the income statement columns.
SO 10

75. 4. Extend Amounts to Financial Statement Columns
(b)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(g)
(d)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(e)
Extend all asset, liability, and equity account balances to the balance sheet columns.
SO 10

76. 5. Total Columns, Compute Net Income (Loss)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(g)
(d)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(f)
(e)
Compute Net Income or Net Loss.
SO 10

77. Copyright
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