1. Surface Mining Remediation Utilizing Vertical Flow Wetlands and Engineered Soils Matthew Gloe, Christian Bongard, Gil Brown Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Introduction and Problem Statement During coal mining, waste from coal processing is discarded in large localized disposal fills. Upon completion of mining, reclamation of these waste piles is much more challenging than the actual mined area. Red River Coal Co. in Norton, VA has been mining the local area since the 1980s, and has produced a substantial coal waste pile. This pile will be closed within the decade and needs a plan to remediate and reclaim this waste. Our Goals Our team intends to design a passive vertical flow wetland system to treat acid mine runoff and reduce overall treatment costs. In conjunction with this, our team will engineer a soil to cover and revegetate the coal waste pile. Wetland Treatment 101 In vertical flow wetlands (VFW), influent acidic water first flows downward through an organic matter layer. Here, iron and other metals precipitate out in the reducing conditions and remain in the soil as sulfides or organic complexes. Next, the water flows through a limestone layer where acidity is buffered through the dissolution of the liming material. This water then flows out through an under drain. The chemical equations for the dissolution of limestone are shown in equations 1 and 2. The reduction of sulfate is shown in equation 3, which also aids in alkalinity production. 2H + + CO 3 2-  H 2 O + CO 2 (1) H + + HCO 3 -  H 2 O + CO 2 (2) Fe 2 O 3 + 4SO 4 2- + 8CH 2 O + ½O 2  2FeS 2 + 8HCO 3 – + 4H 2 O (3) Design Criteria Drain pattern Special thanks to Dr. Daniels and Dr. Grisso for their assistance and support The wetland was designed by utilizing water chemistry from leach tests, rainfall, and projected flows for the system. Based on the chemistry of effluent leach test water, the design flow chart designated that we use a wetland. The vertical flow system was then sized by calculating non-Mn acidity amounts, and the corresponding alkalinity production needed to offset this acidity. By relating this production with system flows, a limestone volume is determined. Vertical Flow Wetland Design Wetland Design Initial Assumptions and Final Calculations Fe = 3 mg/L Mn = 12 mg/L Acidity = 30.35 mg/L as CaCO 3 Influent flow = 190 L/min Safety margin ≈ 60 mg/L of alkalinity Calculated Limestone Volume = 454 m 3 To revegetate the coal waste pile, an engineered soil matrix must be designed. Two fundamentally different designs were chosen; a traditional mix of limestone and topsoil, or a thick layer of lime-stabilized bio solids. Traditional Soil Cover Matrices Traditional soil covers are composed of a layer of lime to provide an acid buffer and then a layer of topsoil to provide a rooting layer and temperature buffer. Contemporary Soil Cover Matrices Due to its high disposal costs, cities are willing to mix biosolids with lime and transport the lime-stabilized biosolids to any site for free. Besides the lower cost, biosolids have other advantages over traditional mixes; including quicker growth time, less required fertilizer, reduced land fill volume, and reduced environmental footprint (not scraping off topsoil from another site). Cost – Two treatment approaches In order to treat all of the flow coming off of the waste pile, two wetlands will be installed. Flow routes were calculated using ArcGIS, and allowed for appropriate placement of each wetland. Wetland Locations Engineered Soil Matrix Design Costs exclude topsoil removal, transport, and application