1. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 Feedback 101 Stuart Henderson March 15-18, 2004

2. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 2 Outline Introduction to Feedback –Block diagram –Uses of feedback systems (dampers, instabilities, longitudinal, transverse –System requirements –Resources (paper) Simplest feedback system scheme –Ideal conditions –Eigenvalue problem and solution –Loop delay, delayed kick Closed-orbit problem –Filtering schemes (analog/digital) –Two turn filtering scheme –Type of digital filters (FIR, IIR) Kickers –Concepts –Dp and dtheta calculation –Figures of merit –Plots of freq response, etc. Complete System Response Estimates for damping e-p RF amplifiers –Parameters, cost, etc. Feedback in the ORBIT code

3. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 3 Resources Several good overviews and papers on feedback systems and kickers: –Pickups and Kickers:  Goldberg and Lambertson, AIP Conf. Proc. 249, (1992) p.537 –Feedback Systems:  F. Pedersen, AIP Conf. Proc. 214 (1990) 246, or CERN PS/90-49 (AR)  D. Boussard, Proc. 5 th Adv. Acc. Phys. Course, CERN 95-06, vol. 1 (1995) p.391  J. Rogers, in Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Technology, eds. Chao and Tigner, p. 494.

4. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 4 Why Feedback Systems? High intensity circular accelerators eventually encounter collective beam instabilities that limit their performance Once natural damping mechanisms (radiation damping for e + e - machines, or Landau damping for hadron machines) are insufficient to maintain beam stability, the beam intensity can no longer be increased There are two potential solutions: –Reduce the offending impedance in the ring –Provide active damping with a Feedback System A Feedback System uses a beam position monitor to generate an error signal that drives a kicker to minimize the error signal If the damping rate provided by the feedback system is larger than the growth rate of the instability, then the beam is stable. The beam intensity can be increased until the growth rate reaches the feedback damping rate

5. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 5 Types of Feedback Systems Feedback systems are used to damp instabilities –Typical applications are bunch-by-bunch feedback in e+e- colliders, hadron colliders to damp multi-bunch instabilities Dampers are used to damp injection transients, and are functionally identical to feedback systems –These are common in circular hadron machines (Tevatron, Main Injector, RHIC, AGS, …) Feedback systems and Dampers are used in all three planes: –Transverse feedback systems use BPMs and transverse deflectors… –Longitudinal feedback systems use summed BPM signals to detect beam phase, and correct with RF cavities, symmetrically powered striplines,…

6. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 6 Elements of a Feedback System Basic elements: –Pickup –Signal Processing –RF Power Amplifier –Kicker Pickup is BPM for transverse, phase detector for longitudinal Processing scheme can be analog or digital, depending on needs Transverse Kicker: –Low-frequency: ferrite-yoke magnet –High-frequency: stripline kicker Longitudinal Kicker can be RF cavity or symmetrically powered striplines Kicker Pickup RF amp Signal Processing Beam

7. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 7 Specifying a Feedback System Feedback systems are characterized by –Bandwidth (range of relevant mode frequencies) –Gain (factor relating a measured error signal to output corrective deflection) –Damping rate In order to specify a feedback system for damping an instability, we must know –Which plane is unstable –Mode frequencies –Growth rates RF power amplifier is chosen based on required bandwidth and damping rate. Typical systems use amplifiers with 10-100 MHz bandwidth, and 100-1000W output power.

8. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 8 Simple picture of feedback Take simple (but not very realistic) situation: –  -functions at pickup and kicker are equal –90  phase advance between kicker & pickup –Integer tune X X Position measurement (coordinates x, x’) Kick (coordinates y, y’) System produces a kick proportional to the measured displacement: At the kicker: At the BPM after 1 turn:

9. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 9 Simple picture of feedback, continued So x-amplitude after 1 turn has been reduced by Giving a rate of change in amplitude: Giving a damping rate: But, we don’t really operate with integer tune. Averaging over all arrival phases gives a factor of two reduction: In real life, we may not be able to place the BPM and kicker 90 degrees apart in phase, and the locations will not have equal beta functions. We need a realistic calculation.

10. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 10 Realistic damping rate calculation for simple processing Follow Koscielniak and Tran Coordinates at pickup are (x n,x n ) on turn n Coordinates at kicker are (y n,y n ) on turn n Transport between pickup and kicker has 2x2 matrix M 1 and phase  1 Transport between kicker and pickup has 2x2 matrix M 2 and phase  2 Give a kick on turn n proportional to the position measured on the same turn: Where G is the feedback gain Pickup (x,x) Kicker (y,y) M 1,  1 M 2,  2

11. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 11 Simple processing, cont’d The coordinates one turn later are given by:

12. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 12 More realistic damping rate calculation, cont’d After n turns the coordinates are This is an eigenvalue problem with solution The eigenvalues can be obtained from One-turn matrix

13. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 13 General solution for 2x2 real matrix Giving, Since we have a 2x2 real matrix, we expect two eigenvalues which are complex conjugate pairs. Writing Where we can identify  as the damping rate (per turn), and  as the tune, which in general will be modified by the feedback system Solution:

14. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 14 Damping rate and tune shift for simple processing We have With  p,  p the twiss parameters at the pickup,  k,  k at the kicker,  the tune,  1 the phase advance between pickup and kicker,  2 the phase advance from kicker around the ring to pickup: Finally,

15. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 15 Damping rate and tuneshift for small damping For weak damping, And Optimal damping rate results for  1 =90 degrees turns -1 sec -1 radians

16. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 16 Damping vs. Gain for  1 =90 degrees

17. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 17 Tuneshift vs. Gain for  1 =90 degrees

18. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 18 Finite Loop Delay Up to this point we have ignored the fact that it takes time to “decide” on the kick strength in the processing electronics It is not necessary to kick on the same turn We can kick m turns later: In this way we can “wait around” for the optimum turn to provide the optimum phase

19. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 19 Closed-Orbit Problem: the 2-turn filter Our simplification ignores another problem: –A closed orbit error in the BPM will cause the feedback system to try to correct this closed orbit error, using up the dynamic range of the system Solution: –Analog: a self-balanced front-end –Digital: Filter out the closed-orbit by using an error signal that is the difference between successive turns 2-turn filter constructs an error signal:

20. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 20 2-turn filter, cont’d With The transfer function of the filter is: This gives a “notch” filter at all the rotation harmonics, which are the harmonics that result from a closed orbit error

21. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 21 2-turn Filter Frequency Response

22. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 22 2-turn Filter Phase

23. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 23 Kickers for Transverse Feedback Systems For low frequencies (< 10 MHz), it is possible to use ferrite-yoke magnets, but the inductance limits their bandwidth Broadband transverse kickers usually employ stripline electrodes Stripline electrode and chamber wall form transmission line with characteristic impedance Z L

24. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 24 Stripline Kicker Layout +V L ZLZL ZLZL -V L ZLZL ZLZL Beam l d

25. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 25 Stripline Kicker Schematic Model VKVK ZcZc Beam In pp p  +  p  Beam Out

26. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 26 Stripline Kicker Analysis Deflection from parallel plates of length l, separated by distance d, at opposite DC voltages, +/- V is: We need to account for the finite size of the plates (width w, separation d). A geometry factor g  1 is introduced: Because we want to damp instabilities that have a range of frequencies, we will apply a time-varying potential to the plates V(  ). We need to calculate the deflection as a function of frequency and beam velocity. +V -V

27. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 27 Stripline g 

28. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 28 Deflection by Stripline Kicker Stripline kicker terminated in a matched load produces plane wave propagating in +z direction between the plates. For beam traveling in +z direction: For beam traveling in –z direction: For relativistic beams, we need the beam traveling opposite the wave propagation!

29. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 29 Deflection by Stripline Kicker Where This can be written in phase/amplitude form as:

30. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 30 Powering the Stripline Kicker For transverse deflection, one could –Independently power each stripline with its own source –Power the pair of striplines from a single RF power source by splitting (e.g. with a 180 degree hybrid to drive electrodes differentially) Using a matched splitting arrangement, the delivered power is: Which equals the power dissipated on the two stripline terminations: So that the input voltage is:

31. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 31 Figures of Merit for Stripline Kickers One common figure of merit seen in the literature is the Kicker Sensitivity. From which we get: Which can be written in the form Important points: –Deflection has a phase shift relative to the voltage pulse –sin  /  shows the typical transit-time factor response

32. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 32 Transverse Shunt Impedance In analogy with RF cavities, one can define an effective shunt impedance that relates the transverse “voltage” to the kicker power: So after all this, what’s the kick?

33. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 33 Transverse Shunt Impedance (w=d,  =0.85, 50 , d=15cm)

34. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 34 Transverse Shunt Impedance (w=d,  =0.85, 50 , d=15cm)

35. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 35 Multiple Kickers For N kickers, each driven with power P, Where P T =NP is the total installed power To achieve the same deflection (damping rate) with N kickers requires only Example: One kicker with P 1 =1000W gives same kick as two kickers each driven at 250 W

36. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 36 Putting it all together The RF power amplifier puts out full strength for a certain maximum error signal The system produces the maximum deflection  max for a maximum amplitude x max For optimal BPM/Kicker phase, the optimal damping rate is For a Damper systems, x max is large enough to accommodate the injection transient For a Feedback system, x max is many times the noise floor

37. S. Henderson, IU e-p meetingORNL March 15-19, 2004 37 Parameters for an e-p feedback system Bandwidth: –Treat longitudinal slices of the beam as independent bunches –Ensure sufficient bandwidth to cover coherent spectrum –Choose 200 MHz Damping time: –To completely damp instability, we need 200 turns –To influence instability, and realize some increase in threshold, perhaps 400 turns is sufficient Input parameters: –  y = 7 meters –X max = 2mm –Stripline length = 0.5 m, separation d = 0.10, w/d = 1.0