1. Agenda: Notes Hand in Parent Quiz! Next class will be review! Homework: Read and take notes on 5.3 pg 143-147 STUDY FOR TEST 3/1-3/2. Matter Review, Chap 3 and Chap 5.

2. Weathering and Soil

3. Weathering Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock’s mineral composition. Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock’s mineral composition. In nature three physical process are especially important causes of weathering: frost wedging, unloading, and biological activity. In nature three physical process are especially important causes of weathering: frost wedging, unloading, and biological activity.

4. Mechanical Weathering Frost wedging is the mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices Frost wedging is the mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices Sections of rock that are wedged loose may tumble into large piles called talus, which typically form at the base of steep, rocky cliffs. Sections of rock that are wedged loose may tumble into large piles called talus, which typically form at the base of steep, rocky cliffs.

5. Continue Unloading is the reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to expand and allows slabs of outer rock to break off in layers in a process called exfoliation. Unloading is the reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to expand and allows slabs of outer rock to break off in layers in a process called exfoliation. Biological the activity of organisms, including plants, burrowing animals, and humans, can also cause mechanical weathering. Biological the activity of organisms, including plants, burrowing animals, and humans, can also cause mechanical weathering.

6. Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering is the transformation of rock into one or more new compounds. Chemical weathering is the transformation of rock into one or more new compounds. Spheroidal causes the corners and edges of rock to be more rounded Spheroidal causes the corners and edges of rock to be more rounded

7. Rate of Weathering Mechanical weathering affects the rate of chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering affects the rate of chemical weathering. By breaking the rocks into smaller pieces, mechanical weathering accelerates chemical weathering by increasing the surface area. By breaking the rocks into smaller pieces, mechanical weathering accelerates chemical weathering by increasing the surface area. Two other factors affecting the rate of weathering are rock characteristics and climate. Two other factors affecting the rate of weathering are rock characteristics and climate. 1.Rock characteristics 1.Mineral composition and solubility 2.Physical features such as joints

8. Continued 2. Climate 1.Temperature and moisture are the most crucial factors. 2.Chemical weathering is most effective in areas with high temperatures and abundant moisture. 3.Differential Weathering 1.Caused by variations in composition 2.Creates unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms

9. Soil Soil is part of the regolith that supports the growth of plants. Soil is part of the regolith that supports the growth of plants. Regolith is the layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s land surface. Regolith is the layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s land surface. Soil has four major components: mineral matter, or broken-down rock; humus, which is the decayed remains of organisms; water; and air. Soil has four major components: mineral matter, or broken-down rock; humus, which is the decayed remains of organisms; water; and air.

11. Soil Texture Texture refers to the proportions of different particle sizes. Texture refers to the proportions of different particle sizes. Sand (large size) Sand (large size) Silt Silt Clay (small size) Clay (small size) Loam (a mixture of all three sizes) is best suited for plant life. Loam (a mixture of all three sizes) is best suited for plant life. Soil particles clump together to give a soil its structure. Soil particles clump together to give a soil its structure.

12. What type of soil consists of 10% clay, 60% silt, and 30% sand?

13. Soil Formation The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope. 1.Parent Material 1.Residual soil—parent material is the bedrock 2.Transported soil—parent material has been carried from elsewhere and deposited 2.Time 1.Important in all geologic processes 2. The longer a soil has been forming, the thicker it becomes.

15. Soil Formation 3.Climate 1.Climate has the greatest effect on soil! Variations in temperature and precipitation influence the rate, depth, and type of weathering. 2.Climate has an effect on the organisms that live on and in that soil. 4.Organisms 1.Organisms influence the soil's physical and chemical properties. 2.Plants are the main source organic matter. 3.Microorganisms and animals also contribute organic material.

16. Continued 5.Slope 1.Steep slopes often have poorly developed soils. 2.Optimum slope is a flat-to-undulating upland surface. 3.Orientation, or direction the slope is facing, influences soil formation. 1.Soil temperature 2.Moisture

17. Soil Profile Soil varies in composition, texture, structure, and color at different depths. Soil varies in composition, texture, structure, and color at different depths. Soil horizons are zones or layers of soil. Soil horizons are zones or layers of soil. A soil profile is a vertical section through all the soil horizons. A soil profile is a vertical section through all the soil horizons.

18. The A horizon is commonly know as topsoil. The B horizon is subsoil and contains clay particles washed out from the A horizon. The C horizon is between B horizon and unaltered parent material.

19. Soil Profile

20. Soil Types Three common types of soil are pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite. Three common types of soil are pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite. 1.Pedalfer 1.Formed in temperate often forested areas (most of Eastern US). 2. Brown to red-brown due to iron oxide and aluminum clay rich soil. 2.Pedocal 1.Found in drier areas with grass a brush vegetation (most of Western US). 2.Little chemical weathering. 3. Light gray-brown due to calcite or calcium carbonate. 3.Laterite 1.Found in hot, wet tropical areas-not nutrient rich. 2.Chemical weathering is intense so the soil is usually deep. 3.Water takes out minerals so the color is orange to red. (bricks)

21. Soil Erosion Water causes erosion! It is a natural part if the rock cycle. Water causes erosion! It is a natural part if the rock cycle. Each water drops acts as bomb on the soil. Water then flows and carries the dislodged particles. Each water drops acts as bomb on the soil. Water then flows and carries the dislodged particles. Rates of Erosion Rates of Erosion Human activities that remove natural vegetation, such as farming, logging, and construction, have greatly accelerated erosion. Human activities that remove natural vegetation, such as farming, logging, and construction, have greatly accelerated erosion. Before humans 9 trillion kg/year was transported-now it is 24 trillion kg/year. Before humans 9 trillion kg/year was transported-now it is 24 trillion kg/year. The rate of soil erosion depends on soil characteristics and factors such as climate, slope, and type of vegetation. The rate of soil erosion depends on soil characteristics and factors such as climate, slope, and type of vegetation.

22. Erosion Continued Sediment Deposition Sediment Deposition Reservoirs fill with sediment. Reservoirs fill with sediment. Sediments are contaminated by pesticides and fertilizers. Sediments are contaminated by pesticides and fertilizers. Controlling Erosion Controlling Erosion Wind breaks Wind breaks Terracing hillsides Terracing hillsides Plowing along the contours of the hills Plowing along the contours of the hills Rotating crops Rotating crops

23. Mass Movements The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is called mass movement. The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is called mass movement. Among the factors that commonly trigger mass movements are saturation of surface materials with water, oversteepening of slopes, removal of vegetation, and earthquakes. Among the factors that commonly trigger mass movements are saturation of surface materials with water, oversteepening of slopes, removal of vegetation, and earthquakes.

24. Types of Mass Movement Geologists classify mass movements based on the kind of material that moves, how it moves, and the speed of movement. Geologists classify mass movements based on the kind of material that moves, how it moves, and the speed of movement. A rockfall occurs when rocks or rocks fragments fall freely through the air. A rockfall occurs when rocks or rocks fragments fall freely through the air. Slides that include segments of bedrock are called rockslides. Slides that include segments of bedrock are called rockslides. A slump is the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface. A slump is the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface.

26. Flows are mass movements of material containing a large amount of water. Flows are mass movements of material containing a large amount of water. Mudflows move quickly and carry a mixture of soil, rock, and water that has a consistency of wet concrete. Mudflows move quickly and carry a mixture of soil, rock, and water that has a consistency of wet concrete. Earthflows move relatively slowly and carry clay-rich sediment. Earthflows move relatively slowly and carry clay-rich sediment. Creep is the slow, downhill movement of soil and regolith. Creep is the slow, downhill movement of soil and regolith.

28. Soil Story http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main /national/soils http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main /national/soils