1. Electron – hydrocarbon molecular ion reactions Mark Bannister, Randy Vane, Herb Krause, Eric Bahati, Mike Fogle, DRS Oak Ridge National Laboratory and collaborators Nada Djuric, Duska Popovic, Momir Stepanovic, Gordon Dunn, Yang-Soo Chung, Tony Smith, Barry Wallbank, Rich Thomas, Vitali Zhaunerchyk

2. Provide experimental benchmarks for a portion of the full database of electron – hydrocarbon reactions needed to model edge/divertor physics of ITER and other devices Ultimately explore and similarly provide experimental benchmark results for “state-selective” reactions Develop models capable of representing a broad range of electron – hydrocarbon data Objectives

3. Reactions studied to this point in time and those planned for study Laboratory facilities used to make the measurements Presentation of the measured data and comparison to other experimental and theoretical results (Bannister) Preliminary molecular dynamics – energy deposition model results Summary/outlook Outline

4. CH x + Electron-Impact Dissociation CH + → C + CH 2 + → CH +, C + (CH 2 2+ ) CH 3 + → CH +, C + CD 3 + → CD 2 + Reactions studied to this point in time

5. Crossed-beams (DE, DI, ionization) –CH 4 +, C 2 H 2 +, C 2 H 3 +,… Merged-beams (DR, DE) –CH +, CH 2 +,… –Energy-loss technique to measure direct excitation of CH 2 + in the 5-15 eV range Future CH x + Dissociation Experiments

6. Caprice ECR ECR, cold molecular ion source, HV platform Ion-neutral Merged-beams Electron-ion Merged-beams Grazing ion- surface, ion- solid Ion trap Electron-ion crossed-beams Normal incidence ion-surface Floating beamline The ORNL Multicharged & Molecular Ion Research Facility (MIRF) Recoil ion spectrometer COLTRIMS

7. Caprice ECR Ion Source Produces a broad range of charge states and species Gas feed, mini-oven, biased sputter probe 50 kW coil power, RF, analyzer, pumps, controls 300 lb water coil cooling

8. All Permanent Magnet ECR Ion Source Five element optic developed for floating ion-surface scattering experiment will be used on the new Caprice ECR floating beamline Deceleration Optics for Floating Beamline Performance better than Caprice source All permanent magnet design, no axial field power supplies (50 kW savings) No separate cooling loop for hexapole Optimum for placement on high voltage platform

9. Cold molecular ion source/trap – developing cold molecular ion sources, place on high voltage platform for acceleration towards endstations - MEIBEL, ion-atom, COLTRIMS – building an electrostatic reflecting beam ion trap, use it to further cool molecular ions, feed cooled ions to diagnostic experiments – develop local expertise and capabilities in state-prepared molecular ion production and science, extension of collaboration at CRYRING

10. Crossed Electron Beam Electrostatic Mirror Cryo- Cooler (4 K) Electrostatic Mirror Ion Source CCD Camera Injection of fusion relevant molecules, biomolecules, atmospheric molecules Injection of fusion relevant molecules, biomolecules, atmospheric molecules Trapping of molecules to cool and interact with electrons, photons, and neutrals Reaction microscope – analyze fragments to determine reaction rates, chemical branching fractions, distributions of kinetic energy release Cold molecular ion source/trap

11. Electron-ion collisions, crossed-beams Ions from ECR source interact at 90° with magnetically confined electron beam Product ions are magnetically analyzed and detected by CEM or fast discrete dynode detector Parent ions collected in one of 3 Faraday cups Electrons chopped to separate signal from background due to ionization on residual gas

12. Example: CH 2 + Dissociation In the 1-5 eV range, DR (black) is the dominant channel For E=5-15 eV, DE leading to CH + (red) and C + (blue) fragments is largest For E>20 eV, DE/DI producing H + (purple) fragments is dominant Surprisingly, ionization yielding CH 2 2+ (green) ions is only a factor of 10 less than DE/DI of CH + and C + fragments at 100 eV

13. Merged electron-ion beams apparatus ECR source on 250-kV platform enables detection of neutral fragments from DR Measurements of DR rate coefficients using energy-sensitive particle counting detector Imaging of neutral fragments – study dynamics of dissociation Segmented SBD being developed will be energy- and position-sensitive down to 10 keV protons particle counting detector fragment imaging detector

14. DR on MEIBEL: Rate Coefficients DR of 120 keV H 2 + ions by E cm = 0 – 1 eV electrons MEIBEL CRYRING Larsson et al. 1995 (v=0,1) Single-pass expts ro-vibrational temperature DR rate for H 2 + is strongly dependent on ro-vibrational distribution Auerbach Peart & Dolder e - + H 2 + (v) → H(1s) + H(nl) + KER(n,v)

15. Absolute cross sections for production of CH x + (x=0,1,2) ion fragments that are sum of channels: –CH + → C + + HDissociative excitation (DE) –CH + → C + + H + Dissociative ionization (DI) –CH + → C + + H - Resonant ion pair formation (RIP) this should be very small Total expanded uncertainties are at a level equivalent to 90%- confidence for statistics Experimental data are compared to data of Janev and Reiter from Report Jülich-3966 and from the HYDKIN online database, including all channels where available: –Direct DE –Capture-autoionization dissociation (CAD) – also known as resonant DE –DI Description of data presented

16. CH + → C +

17. CH + → C +, H +

18. CH 2 + → CH +

19. Two possible mechanisms for the DE enhancement in the 5-15 eV range: (1)Allowed excitations to 2 A, 2 B electronic states followed by pre-dissociation (2) CAD(RDE) through Rydberg states of CH 2 that converge to the electronic states of CH 2 +

20. CH 2 + → C +

21. CD 3 + → CD 2 +

22. CH 3 + → CH +

23. CH 3 + → C +

24. Molecular dynamics energy deposition models Goal: Develop relatively simply computational models which can predict electron – molecular ion fragmentation cross sections for a wide range of systems and impact energies Motivation: Experience has shown that most electron – molecular ion reactions require very detailed quantum structure and quantum scattering calculations Approach: Use a molecular dynamics approach, building in more and more levels of complexity as needed, coupled with an energy deposition model nuclear motion treated to varying degrees of completeness – fixed at equilibrium distances, moving on model curves, full quantum chemical potentials electronic state binned given computational quantum chemistry values of dissociation energies, molecular orbital energies further elaborations possible, e.g., Fermion molecular dynamics for electronic motion to approximate dynamic correlation

25. MD energy deposition model results: e + CH +

27. Dissociative recombination

28. Summary/outlook Data for dissociative channels measured at ORNL for several hydrocarbon molecular ions, setting key experimental benchmarks for the overall database needed in fusion Further “hot” ion source measurements planned for dissociative excitation, ionization, and recombination of hydrocarbon molecular ions to provide similar benchmarks for other species New “cool” source, trapped and cooled, molecular ion measurements planned to begin determination of state controlled benchmarks for DE and DI Continued development and exercise of the molecular dynamics energy deposition model in order to provide data over the widest range of species and impact energies