1. Chapter 10 SWBAT analyze human growth affects biodiversity

2. Bellwork
BW: How many species do you come in contact with each day?

3. Bellwork
What did you learn from yesterday’s activity?

4. -Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests
Coral Reefs

6. -Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests,
coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists believe there may be up to 10 million species in total

7. -Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests,
coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?

8. Deep ocean

9. Remote wildernesses

10. -Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests,
coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?
-Biodiversity has three levels:
1. Species diversity:
Differences between & within populations of species

11. Species Diversity

12. -Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests,
coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?
-Biodiversity has three levels:
1. Species diversity:
Differences between & within populations of species
2. Ecosystem diversity
Variety within and between ecosystems

13. Ecosystem Diversity

14. Bellwork
What are the three types of biodiversity?

15. -Biodiversity:
The number and variety of different species in a given area
-Places with high biodiversity:
Rain forests,
coral reefs, etc.
-1.7 million species have been discovered on Earth; scientists believe there may be up to 10 million species in total
-Where would we find unknown species?
-Biodiversity has three levels:
1. Species diversity:
Differences between & within populations of species
2. Ecosystem diversity
Variety within and between ecosystems
3. Genetic diversity
Diversity in the genes contained within the members of a population

16. Genetic Diversity
-Gene: a piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein

17. Review Questions: 1. What is biodiversity. 2
Review Questions: 1. What is biodiversity? 2. Which places on earth have high biodiveristy? 3. How many species have humans discovered on earth? How many total species are estimated to exist on earth? 4. Name and define the three levels of biodiversity.

18. Review Questions: 1. What is biodiversity
Review Questions: 1. What is biodiversity? The number and variety of different species in a given area 2. Which places on earth have high biodiveristy? Rain forests, coral reefs 3. How many species have humans discovered on earth? How many total species are estimated to exist on earth? 1.7 million species have been found, an estimated 10 million species have not yet been discovered 4. Name and define the three levels of biodiversity.
Species diversity: Differences between & within populations of species Ecosystem diversity:Variety within and between ecosystems
Genetic diversity:Diversity in the genes contained within the members of a population

19. -Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
-Healthy ecosystems have balanced energy and nutrient cycles
-A healthy ecosystem is able to support all its species.
- A keystone species is a species that is critical to the functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives because it affects the survival and abundance of many other species in its community.

20. Pisaster

22. Cause and Effect

23. Keystone Species
A keystone species exerts top-down influence on lower trophic levels and prevents species at lower trophic levels from monopolizing critical resources, such as competition for space or key producer food sources.
These individual populations are the keystone of the community's structure, and the integrity of the community and its unaltered persistence through time."
-The term keystone species was first coined by Robert Paine (1966) after extensive studies examining the interaction strengths of food webs in rocky intertidal ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. One of his study sites, located at Mukkaw Bay, contained a community consistently dominated by the same species of mussels, barnacles, and the starfish, Pisaster ochraceus, which preys upon the other species as a top predator (Figure 1). Preys on Mytilus primarily.
-aine (1966) had observed that the diversity of organisms in rocky intertidal ecosystems declined as the number of predators in those ecosystems decreased. He hypothesized that some of these consumers might be playing a greater role than others in controlling the numbers of species coexisting in these communities. He tested his hypothesis in an experiment that involved selecting a "typical" piece of shoreline at Mukkaw Bay, about 8 meters long by 2 meters wide, that was kept free of starfish. This area was compared to an adjacent, undisturbed control area of equal size.
- After removal of pisaster, remaining members of the ecosystem's food web immediately began to compete with each other to occupy limited space and resources. Within three months of the Pisaster removal, the barnacle, Balanus glandula, occupied 60 to 80% of the available space within the study area. Nine months later, Blanus glandula had been replaced by rapidly growing populations of another barnacle Mitella and the mussel Mytilus. This phenomenon continued until fewer and fewer species occupied the area and it was dominated by Mytilus and a few adult Mitella species. Eventually the succession of species wiped out populations of benthic algae. This caused some species, such as the limpet, to emigrate from the ecosystem because of lack of food and/or space. Within a year of the starfish's removal, species diversity significantly decreased in the study area from fifteen to eight species (Figure 2).
- "The species composition and physical appearance were greatly modified by the activities of a single native species high in the food web. These individual populations are the keystone of the community's structure, and the integrity of the community and its unaltered persistence through time."
- Paine went on to describe the criteria for a keystone species. A keystone species exerts top-down influence on lower trophic levels and prevents species at lower trophic levels from monopolizing critical resources, such as competition for space or key producer food sources.

24. Gray Wolf
Elk populations exploded, leading to the overgrazing of plants
Significant declines in the populations of many plant species (e.g., aspen, willow) resulted, which in turn influenced other wildlife, such as beaver and songbird populations (Ripple & Breschetta 2004, Hallofsky & Ripple 2008).
Intensive browsing of aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands, for example, led to a rapid decline in the number of seedlings and root sprouts growing into saplings and trees.
For many stands of these trees, only large diameter trees (i.e., those that had matured before the wolves were eradicated) remained.

25. Case Study: Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs as Keystone Species in Prairie Ecosystem
As a keystone species, black-tailed prairie dogs impact the prairie ecosystem in multiple ways:
-Their burrows act as homes to other creatures, including burrowing owls, badgers, rabbits, black-footed ferrets, snakes, salamanders, and insects.
-Their burrowing activity works to loosen and churn up the soil, increasing its ability to sustain plant life.
-The enriched vegetation attracts an amazing array of wildlife who graze in their colonies.
-They act as a critical food source for such animals as the endangered black-footed ferret, swift fox, coyotes, hawks, eagles and badgers.

27. Bellwork
What is the primary role of keystone species?

28. -Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
2. Species with high rates of genetic diversity are healthier
-Genetic diversity within a population increases the chances that individuals will develop traits which help them survive

29. Species and Population Survival
When a population shrinks, its genetic diversity decreases as though it is passing through a bottleneck.
Even if such a population is able to increase again, there will be inbreeding within a smaller variety of genes.
The members of the population may then become more likely to inherit genetic diseases.

30. Medical and Industrial Uses
3. Humans rely on biodiversity for medical, industrial, and agricultural uses
About one quarter of the drugs prescribed in the United Sates are derived from plants, and almost all of the antibiotics are derived from chemicals found in fungi.
New chemicals and industrial materials may be developed from chemicals discovered in all kinds of species.
The scientific community continues to find new uses for biological material and genetic diversity.

31. Medical Uses

32. -Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
2. Species with high rates of genetic diversity are healthier
3. Humans rely on biodiversity for medical, industrial, and agricultural uses
4. Recreation and Aesthetics
-Biodiversity is beautiful and can be used for recreation or to make money
-Ecotourism: tourism that supports the conservation of ecologically unique areas

33. Ecotourism

34. -Reasons why biodiversity is important:
1. Ecosystems with high rates of biodiversity are healthier
2. Species with high rates of genetic diversity are healthier
3. Humans rely on biodiversity for medical, industrial, and agricultural uses
4. Recreation and Aesthetics

35. Real World Application
Describe the biodiversity of the ecosystem in the following documentary. Use (and underline) the following words:
Biodiversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Keystone species
Video: It is possible to omit 3:25-14:15

36. -Biodiversity at Risk -Mass extinctions diminish biodiversity
-Ex: The extinction of the dinosaurs 6.5 million years ago led to a decrease in biodiversity

37. -Biodiversity at Risk -Mass extinctions diminish biodiversity
-Ex: The extinction of the dinosaurs 6.5 million years ago led to a decrease in biodiversity
-Scientists believe we are currently in the middle of a mass extinction
-Earth has lost 25% of its species in the past two hundred years
-Species that are prone to extinction have small populations and do not adapt easily
-Migratory
-Large individuals
-Require special habitats

38. -Endangered species: -Threatened species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become endangered if not protected

39. -Human effects on extinctions:
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become endangered if not protected
-Human effects on extinctions:
-Destruction of habitats
“As human populations grow, we use more land to build homes and harvest resources. In the process, we destroy and fragment the habitats of other species.”
-We destroy habitats because we aren’t careful to take only what we need.

40. -Human effects on extinctions:
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become endangered if not protected
-Human effects on extinctions:
-Destruction of habitats
-Introduction of nonnative species
-Exotic species: a species not native to a particular region

41. Australia's feral cat problem:
Destroy endangered, native animals

42. -Human effects on extinctions:
-Endangered species:
A species that is likely to become extinct if not protected
-Threatened species:
A species with a declining population that will become endangered if not protected
-Human effects on extinctions:
-Destruction of habitats
-Introduction of nonnative species
-Pollution
-Excessive hunting of species
-Poaching: illegal hunting

43. -Some areas of the world have greater biodiversity than other areas
-These areas have a large amount of endemic species
Endemic species: species that are native to and found only within a certain area
Ex: Honeycreepers in Hawaii
-Areas of critical biodiversity:
-Coral reefs
-Rain forests
-Islands
-Biodiversity hotspots:
-Most threatened areas with high biodiversity

45. -To protect biodiversity, the following tools are used:
1. Captive breeding programs breed species in captivity with the hope of reintroducing populations to their natural habitats

46. -To protect biodiversity, the following tools are used:
1. Captive breeding programs breed species in captivity with the hope of reintroducing populations to their natural habitats
2. Germ plasms are preserved for future use in species recovery efforts
-Germ plasm: the collection of any form of genetic material
3. Zoos, aquariums, and parks are developed to educate the public and gain support in special interest initiatives

47. -Legal protections for species
-Preserving habitats and ecosystems has become a priority in order to protect biodiversity
-Conservationists focus on hotspots
-Legal protections for species
-1973 Endangered Species Act
-Protects plants and animals in danger of extinction
- Can’t be sold or traded
1973 Endangered Species Act
- Gov’t cannot carry out projects that jepordize endangered species
-Provides a species recovery plan for each listed endangered species
-Encourages habitat conservation plans that protect large expanses of land from development

48. International efforts to protect species and habitats:
-The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)- organizes the bulk of international conservation efforts
-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Treaty: the first effective effort to stop the slaughter of African elephants
- Ivory

49. International efforts to protect species and habitats:
-The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) organizes the bulk of international conservation efforts
-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Treaty: the first effective effort to stop the slaughter of African elephants
- Ivory
-The UN’s Conference on Environment and Development
-Biodiversity Treaty: preserves biodiversity and ensures the sustainable and fair use of genetic resources in all countries
IUCN publishes Red Lists of Species in danger of extinction around the world
UN Conference on Environment and Development ( AKA Earth Summit)
-Private efforts are often more effective than governmental efforts
-World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

56. Biodiversity Gene Keystone species Ecotourism Endangered species Threatened species Exotic species Poaching Endemic species Germ plasm

57. Lion King Classwork Questions
1. What role does biodiversity play in the health of the ecosystem?
2. What effects would a decrease in biodiversity have on the pride lands?
3. Explain the interconnectedness of the species in the pride lands.

58. Chapter 10 Review Questions: 1. What is biodiversity. 2
Chapter 10 Review Questions: 1. What is biodiversity? 2. Which places on earth have high biodiveristy? 3. How many species have humans discovered on earth? How many total species are estimated to exist on earth? 4. Name and define the three levels of biodiversity.

59. Chapter 10 Review
1. What is a keystone species?
2. What is ecotourism?
3. How has biodiversity changed in the past 200 years?
4. What’s the difference between a threatened species and an endangered species?
5. What is an endemic species?
6. What tools can be used to help protect biodiversity?

60. Protection of Biodiversity Application: The Lion King
How would the CITES treaty have affected the Pride Lands?
How would the 1973 Endangered Species Act have affected the Pride Lands?
According to your observation, which species of animal in the movie is in most need of protection? Why?
Develop a governmental policy to protect the species of your choice.