1. BONE LANDMARKS AND SURFACE MARKINGS Notes adapted from Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 7 th Edition

2. The surfaces of bones have various structural features adapted to specific functions. These features are called surface markings. Long bones that bear a lot of weight have large, rounded ends that can form sturdy joints and provide adequate surface area for the attachment of ligaments and muscles. Other bones have depressions that receive rounded ends. Rough areas serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Grooves on the surfaces of bones provide for the passage of blood vessels. Openings occur where blood vessels and nerves pass through the bone.

3. DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS FOSSA  a depression in or on a bone (ex. Supraspinous fossa of scapula) GROOVE/SULCUS/NOTCH  a furrow or depression that accomodates a soft structure such as a blood vessel, nerve or tendon (ex. Intertubecular goove of the humerus, scapular notch)

4. PROCESSES A process is any prominent projection of a bone. Example – Mastoid Process of the temporal bone ARTICULATING PROCESSES (THAT FORM JOINTS) CONDYLE  a large, rounded articular prominence (ex.medial condyle of the femur) HEAD  a rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone (ex. Head of femur)

5. NON-ARTICULATING PROCESSES TO WHICH TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, AND OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUES ATTACH CREST  a prominent borders or ridge (ex. Iliac crest of coxal (hip) bone EPICONDYLE  a prominence above a condyle (ex. Medial epicondyle of the femur) LINE (Linea)  a less prominent ridge than a crest (ex. Linea aspera of the femur) SPINOUS PROCESS (Spine)  a sharp, slender process (ex. Spine of scapula) TROCHANTER  a large projection found only in the femur TUBERCLE  a small rounded process (ex. Greater tubercle of humerus) TUBEROSITY  a large, rounded, usually roughened process (ex. Ischial tuberosity of the hipbone)