1. Chapter 18
Foreign Policy and Democracy

2. Foreign Policy and Democracy

3. The Nature of Foreign Policy
Foreign policy: programs and policies that determine America’s relations with other nations and foreign entities
American foreign policy arenas:
Diplomacy
Military and security policy
International human rights policy
Economic policy

4. The Nature of Foreign Policy

5. Goals of Foreign Policy
Three main goals of U.S. foreign policy
Security
Economic prosperity
Creation of a better world

6. Security

7. Goals of Foreign Policy
Security
Traditionally concerned with dangers posed by hostile foreign nations
Military and regime threats at home and abroad
Today, threats posed by nonstate actors
Organized groups that are not nation-states
Such groups attempt to play a role in the international system via rogue means

8. Goals of Foreign Policy
Physical and online security
Protection from attacks on U.S. citizens and property, both domestic and abroad
Security extends beyond physical borders, military installations, and/or embassies.
Technology leads to new concerns about intelligence hacks, protecting power grids, massive fraud/theft on public.

9. Goals of Foreign Policy
Isolationism: desire to avoid involvement in the affairs of other nations
Most of nineteenth century isolationism was dominant U.S. foreign policy.
Much easier in era when United States was not yet a military or economic world power

10. Goals of Foreign Policy
World War I & II ended isolationism.
Isolation was replaced with deterrence.
Deterrence: develop and maintain military strength as means of discouraging attack
So strong that no enemy dares engage
Point of military buildup is so that weapons are never actually used
Stockpiling weapons for invasion is NOT a deterrence strategy.

11. Goals of Foreign Policy
Preventive war (preemption): policy of striking first when a nation fears that a foreign foe is planning hostile action
Appeasement: effort to forestall war by giving in to the demands of a hostile power

12. Goals of Foreign Policy
The Cold War (1940s–1990s)
After WWII, the U.S. and USSR became the world’s two superpowers.
Each was capable of destroying the world many times over with their nuclear arsenals.
Never fought one another directly (a “hot war”)
Competed for the allegiances of other countries
Nations all over the globe allied themselves with the United States or USSR (democracy vs. communism).

13. Goals of Foreign Policy
Deterrence assumes certainty and rationality.
Works for countries (except rogue states) but not for nonstate actors:
USSR and U.S. both feared global nuclear war. Neither would directly attack the other.
Terrorist groups not fearful of losing life among their own group members/followers

14. Goals of Foreign Policy
U.S. international economic policies promote prosperity by:
Expanding domestic employment
Ex: Toyota factories in six U.S. states
Maintaining access to foreign natural resources at favorable costs
Promoting foreign investment in the United States
Lowering prices that citizens pay for goods and services

15. Goals of Foreign Policy
Trade policy
The United States wants to promote exports and discourage imports.
Tariffs: taxes on imports
Countries that reciprocate on low tariffs are granted “most favored nation status.”

16. U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services

17. The United States and the World Trade Organization

18. Goals of Foreign Policy
World trade
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): eliminated tariffs on imports between America, Canada, and Mexico
World Trade Organization (WTO): promotes free trade and provides a dispute mechanism for members

19. Goals of Foreign Policy
International humanitarian policies
International environmental policies
International human rights policies
International peacekeeping
These policies can range in priority depending on the other security and trade issues associated with a given nation.

20. Goals of Foreign Policy

21. Goals of Foreign Policy
The United States has been on the forefront of human rights issues.
U.S. constitutional protections against discrimination based on race, gender, political beliefs and religion
Other nations often look to America to take leadership on human rights issues, even if only in public statements.
Economic interest can take priority though.

22. Goals of Foreign Policy
Humanitarian efforts include peacekeeping.
Sending troops to keep other nations from fighting one another
Efforts to protect civilians from starvation, homelessness, and abuse
Frequently joined by other nations in these efforts
Humanitarian relief during natural disasters (funds, military, medical, logistical support)

23. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
President dominates foreign policy matters
Can directly set foreign policy strategies
Ambassador and military appointments
Relationships with foreign heads of state
Congress has a role, but less influential
Courts, interest groups, public opinion also play a role
Highly charged issues like Iraq War

24. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Presidents can be tremendously influential.
Head of state
Ability to initiate treaties and agreements
Place senior officials who oversee bureaucracy
Have enormous resources available for policymaking
Constitutional authorities uniquely position the president for foreign policy leadership.

25. Principal Foreign Policy Provisions of the Constitution

26. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Major governmental players in foreign policy
Secretaries of State, Defense, and Treasury
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Director of CIA
Director of National Security Council (NSC)
President appoints all of these positions.
Hence, foreign policy can easily reflect a president’s agenda (at least more readily than domestic policy).

27. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Constitution: Congress has the power to declare war.
Has only done so five times: War of 1812, Mexican War (1846), Spanish American War (1898), WW I (1917), WW II (1941)
Congress controls funding for war.
Rarely refuses to fund military actions the president has initiated.
Politically very unpopular to vote against funds associated with American military troops at war

28. U.S. Military Expenditure Since 2001

29. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Interest groups
Economic interest groups
National origin groups
Example: Jewish Americans with respect to Israel; Cuban Americans
Human rights groups
Media
Negative media can lead to negative pubic opinion

30. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
In times of foreign crisis:
The presidency is at its strongest.
Congress not designed to act quickly
Media and public look to singular voice, leader on crisis matters
The circle of influence is very constrained.
Foreign actors can limit options open to U.S. policy makers.

31. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Diplomacy: the representation of a government to other foreign governments
American civilian jobs with the foreign service (State Department) require extensive skill sets, and process is very selective
United Nations: comprised of 192 countries, each of which gets one vote

32. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy

33. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Economic aid
America provides $30b a year to other countries
“Carrot” (positive incentive, benefits) to get countries to take desired actions that U.S. prefers
Economic sanctions
“Stick” (negative incentive, penalties) to get countries to take desired actions that U.S. prefers
Trade embargoes, bans on investment, bans on travel, freezing of assets held in banks

34. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Bank for reconstruction and development (World Bank)
Mechanism for governments to lend money to one another in ways that private-sector markets could not
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Helps stressed nations borrow short-term funds

35. Who Serves in the U.S. Military?
CHAPTER 18

36. 86% 49% Gender U.S. Military U.S. Population 14% Female 51% Female
SOURCES: Department of Defense, “Population Representation in the Military Services, 2010.” U.S. Census, 2010.

37. 66% 64% Race / Ethnicity U.S. Military 66% White 3% Asian 16% Black
5% Other
10% Hispanic
U.S. Population
64% White
5% Asian
13% Black
3% Other
16% Hispanic
64%
SOURCES: Department of Defense, “Population Representation in the Military Services, 2010.” U.S. Census, 2010.

38. 98% 86% Education U.S. Military New enlistees, 2010 U.S. Population
98% High school
graduates
98%
U.S. Population
86% High school
graduates
86%
SOURCES: Department of Defense, “Population Representation in the Military Services, 2010.” U.S. Census, 2010.

39. U.S. military new enlistees, 2012
Geographic Origin
U.S. military new enlistees, 2012
Northeast 12.4%
Midwest 19.7%
South 42.2%
West 23%
12.4%
23%
19.7%
42.2%
U.S. population
Northeast 18%
Midwest 22%
South 37%
West 23%
18%
23%
22%
37%
SOURCES: Department of Defense, “Population Representation in the Military Services, 2010.” U.S. Census, 2010.

40. Collective Security

41. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Collective security
OAS, NATO, ANZUS, SATO
An armed attack against any of its members “shall be considered as an attack against all …”
Arbitration: agreement negotiated by neutral third party
“Soft power” as opposed to the military
Virtually all international contracts have arbitration.

42. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy

43. Public Opinion Poll
Should the United States engage in trade or offer any
kind of military support to nations with well-documented human rights abuses that are contrary to democracy?
Yes, the U.S. should do business with such nations if it benefits the United States.
No, the United States should not trade or offer assistance to nations that are antidemocratic in any manner. 43

44. Public Opinion Poll
Should Congress be required to declare war before the
United States engages in armed conflicts?
Yes, there should be formal declarations of war by Congress that signal the will of the people and the nation to engage in the conflict.
No, formal declarations are not needed and serve no real purpose. 44

45. Public Opinion Poll Which foreign policy tactic would be the most
successful to convince the largest number of nations to
adopt policies favorable to the United States?
Economic benefits and/or sanctions
Military threats
Diplomacy (dialogue, negotiation) 45

46. Public Opinion Poll Should the United States adopt a more isolationist
foreign policy approach as it did a century ago?
Yes, the United States should not intervene or engage with other nations much, if at all.
No, the United States must be engaged with the rest of the world and viewed as a major power/player by other nations. 46

47. Public Opinion Poll
What is the biggest foreign policy concern to American
national interests?
Terrorist threats
Rising economic powers make the American economy weaker.
Cyber hacks and attacks that compromise American state secrets (e.g., WikiLeaks) 47

48. Chapter 18: Foreign Policy and Democracy
Quizzes
Flashcards
Outlines
Exercises
wwnorton.com/we-the-people 48

49. Following this slide, you will find additional images, figures, and tables from the textbook.

50. Interest Groups

51. Diplomacy

52. Digital Citizens

53. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?

54. Economic Aid and Sanctions

55. Thinking Critically about America’s Role in the World Today