1. Sharif University of Technology Physical layer: Wireless Transmission

2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum When electrons move, they create electromagnetic waves that can propagate through space (even in a vacuum). The fundamental relation between f,, and c (in vacuum) is: when l is in meters and f is in MHz, lf 300. For example, 100-MHz waves are about 3 meters long, 1000-MHz waves are 0.3-meters long, and 0.1-meter waves have a frequency of 3000 MHz.

3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

4. Wide band Most transmissions use a narrow frequency band to get the best reception Wide band  Frequency hopping spread spectrum change frequencies hundreds of times per second security avoids multipath fading Example: 802.11,Bluetooth

5. Wide band  Direct sequence spread spectrum spread the signal over a wide frequency band used in cell phones: second and third generation mobile phones

6. Radio Waves Radio waves are easy to generate, can travel long distances, and can penetrate buildings easily, so they are widely used for communication, both indoors and outdoors. The properties of radio waves are frequency dependent. Low frequency  penetrate buildings  follow curvature of earth  low bandwidth  omnidirectional Higher frequencies  straight line  bounce off of obstacles  absorbed by rain

7. Radio Transmission

8. Microwave Transmission microwave communication is widely used for long-distance telephone communication, mobile phones, television distribution. microwaves travel in nearly straight lines can be narrowly focused  much higher signal-to-noise ratio microwaves do not pass through buildings multipath fading absorption by water

9. The Politics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum The ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) bands in the United States

10. Infrared and Millimeter Waves widely used for short-range they are relatively directional, cheap, and easy to build they do not pass through solid objects

11. Lightwave Transmission

12. Communication Satellites communication satellite can be thought of as a big microwave repeater in the sky. transponders  each of which listens to some portion of the spectrum, amplifies the incoming signal, and then rebroadcasts it at another frequency to avoid interference with the incoming signal

13. Communication Satellites

14. Geostationary Satellites